Flora of Thailand Euphorbiaceae

 

54. Macaranga

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Genus description

Identification key

Species descriptions

Key to the species of Macaranga, Mallotus, and Trewia

Macaranga

Thouars, Gen. Nov. Madagascar: 26:1806; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 286. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Mal. 2: 105. 1973; G.L.Webster, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 86. 1994; Radcl.-Sm., Gen. Euphorbiacearum: 213. 2001; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 361. 2007; Whitmore, Gen. Macaranga Prodr.: 1. 2008; G.L.Webster in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 11: 127. 2014.— Panopia Noronha ex Thouars, Gen. Nov. Madagascar: 26. 1806.— Mappa A.Juss., Euphorb. Gen.: 44. 1824.— Pachystemon Blume, Bijdr.: 626. 1826.— Mecostylis Kurz ex Teijsm. & Binn., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 27: 44. 1864.— Phocea Seem., J. Bot. 8: 69. 1870.— Tanarius Rumph.[, Herb. Amboin. Ill.: 190, 6. 121. 1743, pre Linnean] ex Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 619. 1891.

Small to medium sized trees, dioecious; twigs sometimes hollow and ant-inhabited. Indumentum simple hairs. Stipules minute to large, sometimes fleshy, straight or reflexed, often caducous. Leaves alternate, simple; blade sometimes lobed, base sometimes peltate, upper surface sometimes with round or oval extrafloral nectaries near petiole insertion, lower surface usually with glandular glands; penninerved, sometimes palmately nerved. Inflorescences axillary (to ramiflorous) spikes, racemes or panicles; bracts subtending branches sometimes different from floral ones, latter usually with several flowers; bracteoles sometimes glandular. Flowers tiny, in clusters, (shortly) pedicellate; sepals usually 3, valvate; petals and disc absent. Staminate flowers: stamens 1-many, filaments free, anthers with 3 or 4 loculi; pistillode absent. Pistillate flowers: ovary (1)2-, 3- or 4-6-locular, one ovule per locule, style absent or present, stigmas entire. Fruits 1–6 lobed capsules, sometimes spiny, often waxy, usually with glandular scales. Seeds subglobose, usually arillate.

    About 300 species in Africa, Madagascar, Mascarenes (Mauritius: type), India to South China, Ryu Kyu islands, Malesia, Queensland and Polynesia. Twenty two species in Thailand. Classification: Subfamily Acalyphoideae; tribe Acalypheae; subtribe Macaranginae.

    E co l o g y.— In primary and secondary tropical and subtropical forests, mainly in lowlands.

Key to the species

1. Macaranga andamanica Kurz, For. Fl. Brit. Burma 2: 389. 1877; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 365. 1914; Parkinson, Forest Fl. Andaman Is.: 238. 1923; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 19: 318. 1965; Kew Bull. 21: 405. 1968; Kew Bull. 26: 287. 1972; Whitmore, Gard. Bull. Singapore 31: 53. 1978; Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 112. 1973; Chiu Guihaia 2: 152. 1982; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 363. 2007; Whitmore, Gen. Macaranga Prodr.: 77. 2008.— Macaranga brandisii King ex Hook.f., Fl. Br. Ind. 5: 453. 1887; Brandis, Indian Trees 592: 1906; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 365. 1914; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. 3: 333. 1924.— Morinda esquirolii Lév., Fl. Kouy-Tchéou 368. 1915.— Macaranga kampotensis Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 69: 702. 1923; in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 447. 1926.— Macaranga bracteata Merr., Lingnan Sci. J. 6: 281. 1928; Chiu, Guihaia 2: 251. 1982; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 21: 406. 1968 passim.— ? Macaranga esquirolii (Lév.) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 18: 214. 1937; Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23: 214. 1942 passim.— Macaranga rosuliflora Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23: 51. 1942; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 21: 406. 1968 passim; Chiu Guihaia 2: 149. 1982.— Macaranga trigonostemonoides Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23: 51. 1942; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 21: 405. 1968; Chiu Guihaia 2: 150. 1982.

Treelets to 5m; twigs rounded, striate, glabrous. Stipules and budscales elliptic with a caudate or subulate tip, c. 8 mm long, chocolate brown, stiff but somewhat flexuous, with sparse spreading white whiskers, crowded at twig tip, erect, soon caducous. Leaves: petiole 1.5–3 cm long, very slender, rounded, glabrous or with pale crisped and spreading hairs; blades elliptic, 7-11 by 2-5 cm, papery, base rounded to long cuneate, minutely auriculate, with 2 extrafloral nectaries near petiole insertion, margin weakly crenate and glandular dentate, apex (abruptly) acuminate, surfaces usually glabrous sometimes pubescent on lower part of midrib below, sparse dark glandular scales. Staminate inflorescences delicate thread-like spikes, 5(–12) cm long, glabrous or with pale crisped and spreading hairs (like petiole), flower clusters tiny, 1–1.5 mm across, bracteoles persistent, ovate, c. 1 mm long, acute, strongly hooded and enclosing the flower cluster. Staminate flowers in clusters of c. 3; pedicel c. 0.5 mm long, persistent; sepals 3; stamens c. 15. Pistillate flowers unknown. Infructescences 3–6 cm long spikes with a single terminal flower. Fruit on a 1-5 mm long pedicel, strongly 2-locular, c. 5 by 11 by 5 mm, woody, with sparse long sinuous caducous spines; subtended by 2 opposite variable sessile leafy bracts, elliptic, c. 1 cm long or ovate acute to 2.5 by 1 cm; twin styles c. 1 cm long.

    T h a i l a n d.— Peninsular.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— China, India (Andamans: type), Burma, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia.

    E c o l o g y.— Lowland and lower montane primary forests (always?).

    N o t e.— Highly variable. Distinctive in its solitary terminal, strongly bilobed fruit subtended by (very variable) leafy bracts.

2. Macaranga bancana (Miq.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr.15, 2: 990. 1866; S.J.Davies, Harvard Papers Bot. 6: 387. 2001; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 364. 2007.— Pachystemon bancanus Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 462. 1861.— Macaranga triloba auct. non (Reinw.ex Blume) Müll.Arg.: Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. 3: 298. 1924; Corner, Ways. Trees Malaya 268. 1940; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 107. 1973.

Trees to 20m tall, d.b.h. up to 25 cm, flowering from 2–3 m; twigs 4–9 mm in diameter, glabrous, hollow, ant-inhabited. Stipules 6-8 by 6-9 mm, red-brown, succulent, recurved, food-bodies on lower surface, persistent. Leaves: petiole up to 24 cm long, rounded, glabrous; blades broadly ovate, up to 32 by 25 cm, trilobed to 1/5–1/2 of length, central lobe broad ± constricted at base, laterals spreading, base broadly to very broadly rounded, to 4 cm peltate, margin entire or with tiny conical glands, glabrous or minutely hairy on nerves, apex acute to acuminate, young leaves reddish-brown, minutely ferruginous hairy. Staminate inflorescences paniculate, erect, 10-20 by 5-15 cm, ferruginous tomentose to ± glabrous, to 4 axis orders, distal branches looping, rachis flattened, first branches opposite, with accessory branches; bracteoles broadly ovate, 1.5-2.5 by 2–4 mm, margin entire, apex rounded to broadly acute, densely ferruginous tomentose. Staminate flowers 15–30 per cluster, c. 0.7 mm long, sessile; sepals 3, fused, apex ferruginous tomentose; stamen 1, anthers 3-locular. Pistillate inflorescences 3–10 cm long, stout, to 3 axis orders, otherwise as staminate. Pistillate flowers c. 3 mm long; calyx urceolate, ferruginous tomentose, persistent, ovary 4(–5)-locular, stigmas 2–3 mm long, fused at base. Fruits 5-7 by 10–11 mm, sessile, one glandular patch on each carpel wall becoming a rounded swelling of 1–2 mm long, yellow-green, sticky, surmounted by persistent 2–3 mm crown-like styles. Seeds ovoid, c. 3.5 mm in diameter, black, pitted, aril reddish.

    T h a i l a n d.— Peninsular.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Bangka (type), Borneo.

    E c o l o g y.— Widespread and common on both clay and sandy soils, common colonist of wet gullies along roadsides, alluvial forest areas, and the margins of degraded swamp forests. Only known below 600–700m.

    N o t e s.— Previously not distinguished from M. triloba. Differs greatly in its blunt staminate bracteoles, hollow twigs and only very shortly horned fruits.

3. Macaranga denticulata (Blume) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr.15, 2: 1000. 1866; Kurz, Forest Flora Brit. Burma 2: 387. 1877; Hook.f., Fl. Br. Ind. 5: 446. 1887; Brandis, Indian Trees 591. 1906; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 334. 1914; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. 3: 303. 1924; Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 446. 1926; Corner, Ways. Trees Malaya 265. 1940; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1: 488. 1963; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 288. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 111. 1973, Gard. Bull. Singapore 31: 53. 1978; Chiu, Guihaia 2: 148. 1982 in clavi.; Chakrab. & M.H.Gangop., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 13: 597. 1989; Gardner, Sidisunthorn & Anusarnunthorn, Forest Trees N. Thailand 312. 2000; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 364, Plate XX: 1. 2007; Whitmore, Gen. Macaranga Prodr.: 120. 2008.— Mappa denticulata Blume, Bijdr. 625. 1825.— Rottlera glauca Hassk., Flora 25 ii Beibl 41. 1842.— Mappa gummiflua Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 458. 1858.— Mappa wallichii Baill., Étude Euphorb. 430. 1858, nom. nud.— Mappa truncata Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34: 198. 1865.— Macaranga gummiflua (Miq.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 1000. 1866.— Macaranga perakensis Hook.f., Fl. Br. Ind. 5: 447. 1887.— Macaranga henricorum Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc. 26: 442. 1894; Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 446. 1926.— Macaranga denticulata (Blume) Müll.Arg. var. pustulata  (King ex Hook.f.) Chakrab. & M.H.Gangop., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 13: 597. 1989.

Small trees; twigs strongly angled and ridged, densely fawn furfuraceous. Stipules elliptic 3-6(-10) by 1–2(–3) mm, erect, densely fawn furfuraceous, very soon caducous. Leaves: petiole 5–11 cm long, fairly slender, round, thinly light-brown furfuraceous, kneed at top; blade deltate, 10-24 by 8-18 cm, thinly leathery, base broadly truncate or broadly slightly rounded, c. 1 cm peltate,  with several small extrafloral nectaries aggregated at or close to petiole insertion, margin entire, apex acute, sometimes acuminate, nerves below finely furfuraceous to pubescent becoming glabrous, secondary nerves straight and parallel. Staminate inflorescences densely overlapping small panicles (with 3 or rarely 4 axis orders) to c. 9 by 6-9 cm, branches all divaricate, ultimate branches c. 1 cm long, thread-like; bracts tiny, inconspicuous, c. 1 mm long, erect, apex rounded, furfuraceous outside, persistent; bracteoles as bracts, shorter than clusters; flower clusters small, c. 2 mm across, evenly spaced, at maturity not overlapping. Staminate flowers globose, c. 6 per cluster, stamens c. 15, 4-locular. Pistillate inflorescences dense, overlapping small racemes to 7 by 3-5 cm, bracts and bracteoles as staminate ones. Fruits 1(–3) per cluster, divaricate, strongly bilobed, broader than long, c. 3 by 5 mm, smooth, blackish brown, drying finely dark glandular, without spines; pedicel stout to 1 cm long.

    T h a i l a n d.— Widespread.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, China, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java (type).

    E c o l o g y.— Common in secondary forest. Altitude: Sea level to 1200 m.

4. Macaranga diepenhorstii (Miq.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr.15, 2: 998. 1866; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 337. 1914; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 111, t. 8. 1973; Kew Bull. 36: 321. 1981; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 365. 2007; Whitmore, Gen. Macaranga Prodr.: 122. 2008.— Mappa diepenhorstii Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 457. 1861.

Small bushy crowned trees in secondary forest, or trees to 24 m tall, 70 cm diameter in primary forest; twigs near tip drying angled, c. 4 mm in diameter; behind rounded, 10(-15) mm in diameter, smooth, glabrous, dark brown with pale stipule scars. Stipules ovate-oblong, 10(-15) by 5(-8) mm,  warm brown, papery, glabrous, erect, apex acute, subpersistent. Leaves: petioles 16–26 cm long, 2–4 mm in diameter, rounded, striate, glabrous, weakly kneed at both ends; blade ovate, 13--30 by 10––23 cm, papery, base broadly rounded, 2–6 cm peltate, with palmate venation, margin crenate and distantly glandular dentate, apex acute, below closely finely granular glandular and glabrous except for sparse hairs on main nerves, secondary nerves curved, concolorous with lamina, tertiaries closely scalariform and clearly visible especially below. Staminate inflorescences diffuse, sinuous, narrow panicles to 18 cm long, lower branches 2–5 cm long, sinuous, bracts similar to stipules, flower clusters of 4–8 flowers on 1 cm long catkin-like tertiary branches, some with a 12 mm long basal stalk, bracteoles glabrous, erect, overlapping, lower bracteoles squarish, c. 4 by 6 mm, upper edge coarsely toothed, papery, nerved, , upper bracteoles similar but smaller and entire. Staminate flowers: pedicel c. 0.5 mm long; sepals 2, glabrous; stamens 2, 4-locular. Pistillate inflorescences as staminate ones but smaller, to15 cm long and racemose, branches 2–3 cm long, bracteoles similar, flowers solitary. Infructescences with 1 cm distant solitary fruits. Fruits 2-lobed, c. 5 by 10 mm, splitting, thinly woody, drying black granular glandular, without spines, styles two, c. 1 mm long, apically slightly flattened and recurved; pedicel c. 10 mm long, slender, glabrous; sepals persistent, tiny, c. 0.5 mm long.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Nakhon Si Thammarat, Trang, Krabi, Pattani, Narathiwat.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (including P. Simalur, type).

    E c o l o g y.— Secondary forest, also often along rivers in primary forests. Altitude to 600 m.

5. Macaranga gigantea (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 995. 1866; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 307. 1914; Corner, Ways. Trees Malaya 265. 1940; Whitmore, Malay. Nat. J. 20: 94, 96. 1967; Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 107. 1973; Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 157. 1975; Kew Bull. 36: 321. 1981; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 288. 1972, 37: 26. 1982; S.J.Davies, Harvard Papers Bot. 6: 427. 2001; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 367, Fig. 15. 2007.— Mappa gigantea Rchb.f. & Zoll., Linnaea 29: 465. 1857.— Mappa megalophylla Müll.Arg., Flora 47: 467. 1864.— Mappa macrophylla Kurz ex Teijsm. & Binn., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 27: 44. 1864 (fide Pax & K.Hoffm., loc. cit.).— Mappa rugosa Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34: 197. 1865.— Macaranga megalophylla (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2: 995. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Br. Ind. 5: 449. 1887; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. 3: 298. 1924.— Macaranga rugosa (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 995. 1866.— Macaranga incisa Gage, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 9: 245. 1922; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. 3: 301. 1924; Whitmore & Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 25: 241. 1971.

Small to medium-sized trees, sometimes reaching 15 m, rarely 25 m tall, d.b.h. up to 30 cm; twigs stout to 3 cm in diameter, round in section, surface rough with elongate lenticels and conspicuous leaf and stipule scars, with coarse grey tufted hairs. Bark pale brown to whitish. Stipules oblong, to 45 by 25 mm, apex acute, drying black with scattered white hairs, to subglabrous, papery, erect, subpersistent. Leaves: petiole to 35 cm long, D-shaped in section, finely pubescent with fine grey coarse hairs; blades broadly ovate, huge to 60 by 50 cm, usually with 2 lateral shoulders or lobes to 7 cm long, lobes acute, base broadly rounded, strongly 4–13 cm peltate, margin coarsely serrate with small conical glands, coriaceous, midrib and secondaries with coarse grey tufted hairs to subglabrous, finer nerves with often crisped white hairs. Staminate inflorescences crowded, fairly dense panicles, to 50 by 24 cm, often smaller, finely grey pubescent; first branches alternate, ultimate branches slender; bracts ovate or oblong, to 10 by 4 mm, papery, pubescent, erect, soon caducous, margin finely ciliate to entire, apex obtuse; bracteoles closely overlapping, persistent, ovate, to 5 by 4 mm, margin irregularly toothed, apex broadly acute slightly concave, finely grey tomentose. Staminate flowers c. 10–15 per cluster, c. 1 mm long; pedicel stout, c. 0.5 mm long; sepals 3, free; stamens 2-3, 4-locular. Pistillate inflorescences similar to staminate ones, only 15–25 cm long. Pistillate flowers c. 2 mm long; calyx urceolate, ovary 2-locular, stigmas 2 mm long, free, persistent. Fruits with 2 subglobose lobes, 4-5 by 6–8 mm, without spines, yellow, sticky; pedicel slender, 4-6 mm long, furfuraceous. Seeds slightly flattened,  aril violet.

    T h a i l a n d.— Peninsular.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (type), Borneo, Sulawesi.

    E c o l o g y.— Secondary forest, lowlands.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Tao luang (เต้าหลวง) (Kamphaeng Phet); tha (ทะ) (Karen-Kanchanaburi); ma hang (มะหัง) (Pattani); hu chang (หูช้าง) (Chanthaburi).

    N o t e.— Very common in the south of Peninsular Thailand. Confused with M. siamensis, see that account.

6. Macaranga griffithiana Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr.15, 2: 993. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Br. Ind. 5: 452. 1887; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 309. 1914; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. 3: 299. 1924; Corner, Ways. Trees Malaya 265. 1940; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 147. 1973; Airy Shaw Kew Bull. 26: 289. 1972; S.J.Davies, Harvard Papers Bot. 6: 400. 2001; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 367, Fig. 16. 2007.— Macaranga motleyana subsp. griffithiana (Müll.Arg.) Whitmore, Kew Bull. 29: 448. 1974.— Macaranga adenophila Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 310. 1914.

Trees to 20 m tall, to 20 cm d.b.h.; twigs 4–9 mm in diameter, mostly glabrous, glaucous, hollow, ant-inhabited. Stipules ovate, 4-6 by 6–7 mm, recurved, succulent, food-bodies on lower surface, persistent. Leaves: petiole to 23 cm long, rounded, glaucous, glabrous; blade ovate, to 28 by 23 cm, shallowly trilobed to 1/5–1/3 of length, rarely more, central lobe broadly deltate, laterals short with shallow sinuses, base narrowly rounded, 2–6 cm peltate, margin ± entire or with tiny conical glands, apex shortly acuminate, upper surface glabrous, lower surface at first ferruginous tomentose, becoming finely pubescent just on nerves, glaucous. Staminate inflorescences paniculate, erect, 10-25 by 10–18 cm, base glabrous, ferruginous hairs at apex, glaucous, to 4 axis orders, rachis flattened, lowest branches ± opposite; bracteoles ovate, 3-5 by 2.5–4 mm, margin erose to very shallowly pectinate, apex shortly caudate, with a conical gland, ferruginous tomentose. Staminate flowers c. 10 per cluster, c. 1 mm long, pedicellate; sepals 3, free, with ferruginous hairs; stamens 2-3, anthers 4-locular. Pistillate inflorescences to 17 cm long, to 3 axis orders, otherwise as staminate. Pistillate flowers c. 6 by 5 mm; calyx urceolate, ferruginous tomentose, persistent; ovary 4-5 locular; stigmas 2–3 mm long, fused at base. Fruits c. 8 by 11 mm, one glandular patch on each carpel wall becoming a slightly raised flat yellow sticky disc,; pedicel 4–8 mm long, ferruginous hairy, glaucous; styles persisting as a prominent 3–5 mm crown, glaucous. Seeds ovoid, 3.5–4 mm in diameter, ± black, shallowly grooved, aril red.

    T h a i l a n d.— SOUTH-EASTERN: Rayong, Chanthaburi, Trat (Ko Chang); PENINSULAR: Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra, Laos, South Vietnam.

    E c o l o g y.— Small bushy tree in lowland forests. Common in open seasonally swampy places, along river banks, and in wet areas.

7. Macaranga heynei I.M.Johnson, Contrib.Gray Herb. n.s. 68: 90. August 1923; Whitmore, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 1: 226, t. 2. 1969; Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 112. 1973; Kew Bull. 36: 320. 1981; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 369. 2007; Whitmore, Gen. Macaranga Prodr.: 149. 2008.— Rottlera montana Heyne ex Baill., Étude Euphorb. 430. 1858, nom. nud.— Macaranga javanica (Blume) Müll.Arg. var. montana Heyne ex Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 1005. 1866.— Macaranga javanica auct. non (Blume) Müll.Arg.: Hook.f., Fl. Br. Ind. 5: 451. 1887; Corner, Ways. Trees Malaya 266. 1940.— Macaranga montana Heyne ex Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 321. 1914 (non Merr., Philipp. J. Soc. Bot. 7: 394. 1912).— Macaranga robiginosa Ridl., Kew Bull. 1923: 367. 1923; Fl. Mal. Pen. 3: 303. 1924.

Treelets or trees to 10 m high; twigs rounded, drying blackish, weakly rusty furfuraceous, young twigs ans inflorescences densely rusty pubescent. Stipules elliptic including long narrow tip, c. 10 by 1.5 mm, rusty pubescent, erect, soon caducous. Leaves: petiole 5–8 cm long, slender, c. 1 mm in diameter, rounded, finely ridged, weakly rusty furfuraceous or glabrous; blades (broadly lanceolate), 10–18 by 4.5-8 cm, thickly papery, base usually truncate, occasionally broadly cuneate, rarely broadly rounded, slightly cordate or up to 1 mm peltate, with several nectaries at petiole insertion, apex abruptly acuminate to 2 cm, below slightly glaucous and sometimes rusty furfuraceous on main nerves. Staminate inflorescences behind leaves, crowded sparsely branched racemes or panicles, to 14 by 6 cm, ultimate branches slender, flower clusters smaller than the subtending bracteoles; bracteoles erect, persistent, ovate, to 10 by 6 mm, coarsely shallowly toothed,  marginal teeth gland-tipped, apex caudate to 2 mm, with a small apical gland, fairly thick, densely furfuraceous. Staminate flowers in clusters of c. 20, sessile; stamens 2, 4-locular. Pistillate inflorescences as staminate ones, but always racemes and mostly shorter, c. 6 cm long. Fruits in groups of 3 or 4, tiny bilocular, c. 3 by 4 mm, granular glandular, without spines.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Nakhon Si Thammarat.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia (except northeast; Singapore, type).

    E c o l o g y.— Open places, often gregarious, sometimes on exposed subsoil. Lowlands to 1000 m.

8.  Macaranga hosei King ex Hook.f., Fl. Br. Ind. 5: 449. 1887; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 309. 1914; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. 3: 298. 1924; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 289. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 111. 1973; S.J.Davies, Harvard Papers Bot. 6: 429. 2001; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 370. 2007.

Trees to 30 m tall, up to 40 cm d.b.h.; twigs 6–14 mm in diameter, rounded, glabrous, usually densely glaucous, hollow, ant-inhabited. Stipules orbicular, to 15 by 15 mm, erect, surrounding the stem, persistent, glabrous. Leaves: petioles to 25 cm long, rounded, glabrous; blades broader than long to almost rounded, 7-25 by 10–30 cm, deeply equally trilobed to 1/2–3/4, lateral lobes asymmetrical, base not or rarely 1–5 mm peltate, very broadly rounded, cordate, margin ± entire, usually with small conical glands along base, upper surface glabrous, lower surface scattered to densely pubescent. Staminate inflorescences erect, often extending above leaves, to 40 cm long, to 4 axis orders, basal rachis c. 1/2 of total length, glabrous to finely hairy, bracteoles 4-6 by 3–4 mm, broadly ovate, margin irregularly dentate, apex broadly acute, minutely greyish tomentose. Staminate flowers 6–15 per cluster, c. 0.7 mm long, shortly pedicellate; sepals 3, free, tomentose, stamens 2-3, anthers 4-locular. Pistillate inflorescences to 35 cm long, to 3 axis orders, otherwise as staminate. Pistillate flowers c. 1.5 mm long; calyx urceolate, finely hairy, ovary 2-locular, stigmas c. 1.0 mm long, free, persistent. Fruits with 2 subglobose lobes, 4-5 by 5–6 mm, without spines, yellowish-green, sticky; pedicel 5–8 mm long, finely hairy. Seeds c. 3 mm in diameter, flattened, black, shallowly pitted, aril violet.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Songkhla, Trang, Pattani, Narathiwat.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra, Borneo.

    E c o l o g y.— Lowland forests.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Solo (ซอลอ) (Pattani).

9.  Macaranga hullettii King ex Hook.f. (subsp. hullettii), Fl. Br. Ind. 5: 452. 1887; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 383. 1914; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 107. 1973, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 147. 1975, Kew Bull. 36: 317. 1981; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 370. 2007.— Macaranga bartlettii Merr., Papers Mich. Acad. Sci. 19: 161, t. 23. 1933.

Small trees, to 20 m tall, to 20 cm d.b.h.; twigs 5–9 mm in diameter, rounded, glabrous or with erect hairs, hollow, ant-inhabited. Stipules broadly ovate elliptic, 5-9 by 5–10 mm, glabrous, recurved, succulent, food-bodies on lower surface, persistent. Leaves: petiole 10–20 cm long, rounded, glabrous; blades narrowly to broadly ovate, 14-30 by 8–16 cm, unlobed or shallowly trilobed to tricusped, the lobes narrow and sharply acuminate, base 1–4 cm peltate, broadly rounded, margin with small glands, distantly to prominently serrate, apex acute to acuminate, glabrous. Staminate inflorescences paniculate, erect, 10–30 cm long, ± glabrous, to 3 axis orders, rachis flattened c. 3/4 of total length, first branches opposite; bracteoles ovate-elliptic, 4–8 by 3–5 mm, margin entire or with several narrow lobes, apex caudate, ± glabrous. Staminate flowers 20–35 per cluster, c. 0.8 mm long, sessile; sepals 3, fused, ferruginous hairy; stamens 1, anthers 3-locular. Pistillate inflorescences 4–10 cm long, unbranched or with one pair of short opposite branches, flowers clustered at apex. Pistillate flowers 3–5 mm long; calyx urceolate, glabrous or with scattered hairs, persistent; ovary 4–5-locular; stigmas 2–3 mm long, fused for 2/3 of length. Fruits subglobose, 6-8 by 10–13 mm, sessile, one sticky, glandular patch on each carpel wall developing into a slender 4–7 mm long horn, greenish-yellow, with persistent styles as a conspicuous 3–5 mm high crown,. Seeds 4–4.5 mm in diameter, ovoid, black, pitted; aril red.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Narathiwat.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra, Borneo.

    E c o l o g y.— Lowland forests up to c. 800 m.

10. Macaranga hypoleuca (Rchb.f.& Zoll.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 992. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Br. Ind. 5: 448. 1887; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 311. 1914; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. 3: 300. 1924; Corner, Ways. Trees Malaya, 266. 1940; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 106. 1973; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 289. 1972; S.J.Davies, Harvard Papers Bot. 6: 407. 2001; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 371. 2007.— Mappa ? hypoleuca Rchb.f. & Zoll., Linnaea 28: 309. 1856, Verhand. Natuurk. Vereen. Ned. Ind. 1: 30. 1856.

Trees to 30 m tall, to 40 cm d.b.h.; twigs 7–12 mm in diameter, apically slightly angular, glabrous or with scattered hairs near apex, densely glaucous, hollow, ant-inhabited. Bark greenish white. Stipules triangular, c. 10 by 7 mm, spreading, usually persistent, glabrous, glaucous. Leaves: petiole 10–25 cm long, rounded, glabrous, glaucous; blade broader than long to rounded, 10-22 by 12-30 cm, deeply trilobed to over 3/4, central lobe slightly larger than laterals, rarely with extra basal lobes, base rounded, deeply to 1.5–4 cm peltate, margin ± entire, ferruginous hairy when young, white-glaucous below when mature. Staminate inflorescences erect panicles, 10–35 cm long, to 4 axis orders, base glabrous, densely glaucous, apex ferruginous hairy; bracteoles ovate, 2.5–4 by c. 3 mm, apex acute, margin finely toothed, ferruginous hairy. Staminate flowers c. 10–15 per cluster, c. 0.8 mm long, shortly pedicellate; sepals 3, fused, ferruginous hairy; stamens 1, anthers 4-locular. Pistillate inflorescences 5–15 cm long, 2 axis orders, branched from near base, branches short, glaucous. Pistillate flowers 2–3 mm long; calyx urceolate, glaucous, minutely hairy; ovary 3-locular; stigmas c. 1 mm long, free, persistent. Fruits subglobose, 5-6 by 6–8 mm, glaucous, two glandular ridges on each carpel wall, yellow, sticky; pedicel 3–11 mm, glaucous, ferruginous hairy. Seeds 3–4 mm in diameter, ovoid, black, pitted, aril red.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Songkhla, Trang, Yala, Narathiwat.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra, Borneo.

    E c o l o g y.— Lowland forests.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Lo (ลอ) (Trang).

11. Macaranga indica Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 5: 23, t. 1883. 1852; Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 6: 5, t. 1949, ii. 1853; Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 1009. 1866; Kurz, Forest Flora Brit. Burma 2: 387. 1877; Hook.f., Fl. Br. Ind. 5: 446. 1887; Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 4: 70. 1898; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 349. 1914; Parkinson, Forest Fl. Andaman Is. 238. 1923; Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 444. 1926; Hurasawa & Tanaka, Fl. E. Himalaya 179. 1966; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 93. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 290. 1972; Whitmore & Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 25: 241. 1971; Whitmore, Kew Bull. 25: 241. 1971; Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 107. 1973, Gard. Bull. Singapore 31: 54. 1978; Chiu, Guihaia 2: 148. 1982 in clavi; ; Philcox in Dassan., Revis. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 11: 169. 1997; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 371. 2007; Whitmore, Gen. Macaranga Prodr.: 156. 2008.— ? Macaranga adenantha Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 69: 701. 1923; in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 443, t. 52. 1926, e descr.; Chiu, Guihaia 2: 268. 1982.

Small to medium trees reaching 25 m; twigs to 10 mm in diameter, usually rounded, glabrous or furfurescent, sometimes glaucous. Stipules triangular, 8-10 by 4–6 mm, drying blackish brown, papery, furfuraceous, sometimes recurved, soon caducous, apex acute. Leaves: petiole 6–18 cm long, slender to 3 mm in diameter, rounded, smooth, glabrous, not kneed; blades ovate, 10-22 by 9–20 cm, papery, base broadly rounded, strongly 2-4 cm peltate, nearly always with a few conspicuous elongate glands on main nerves midway between the petiole insertion and the basal leaf margin, margin entire, apex acute to broadly acuminate, surfaces occasionally glaucous and glabrous, but usually finely pubescent when young and becoming glabrous except often for a few hairs on main nerves, sometimes remaining velvety below with a few to mostly tufted, white hairs, secondary nerves palmate, numerous arising from petiole insertion. Staminate inflorescences racemes or occasionally panicles, 6–12 cm long, branches usually strongly zigzag at the distant flower clusters, these subtended by conspicuous spreading, spoon-like, caducous, glabrous bracteoles with flattened 1–2 mm long stalk and 1 (sometimes 2)  big conspicuous subapical round, 2–3 mm in diameternectaries. Staminate flowers in clusters of 5–8; sepals free; stamens 5–7, 4-locular. Pistillate inflorescences as staminate ones but branches not zigzag. Fruits 1(–3) per cluster 1- 2 locular, round, to 4 mm, thinly woody, drying black granular-glandular, becoming smooth; pedicel 5–10 mm; calyx persistent; stigma short, thread-like, eccentric, caducous, sometimes a few or most fruits deeply bilobed with twin apical styles.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lamphun, Tak, Phitsanulok; NORTH-EASTERN: Phetchabun; EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima, Chaiyaphum; SOUTH-WESTERN: Phetchaburi, Uthai Thani.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Sri Lanka, India (type), Nepal, Laos, Vietnam, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, China.

    E c o l o g y.— Lowlands to mountains at 2100 m, generally at higher altitudes.

   N o t e.— A variable species. The staminate inflorescence structure and the bizarre spoon-like bracteoles are highly distinctive. Northern collections are usually almost glabrous and have glaucous twigs and sometimes leaves. Southern forms possess leaves that are velvety below, sometimes (nearly always in Malay Peninsula) with bilocular fruits and sometimes with delicate inflorescences. These variants are not discrete and do not warrant taxonomic status.

12. Macaranga kurzii (Kuntze) Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 360. 1914; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 290. 1972; Whitmore, Gard. Bull. Singapore 31: 55. 1978; Chiu, Guihaia 2: 148. 1982, in clavi; Gardner, Sidisunthorn & Anusarnunthorn, Forest Trees N. Thailand: 313. 2000; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 372. 2007; Whitmore, Gen. Macaranga Prodr.: 167. 2008.— Macaranga membranacea Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 42: 246. 1873; Forest Fl. Brit. Burma 2: 389. 1877; Hook.f., Fl. Br. Ind. 5: 454. 1887 (non Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr.15, 2: 996. 1866).— Tanarius kurzii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl.: 619. 1891.— Macaranga andersonii Craib, Kew Bull.: 466. 1911, Aberdeen Univ. Studies 37: 193. 1912; Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 437, t. 52: 12–15, t. 53: 1–2. 1926.

Shrubs, treelets or small trees; twigs slender, c. 3 mm in diameter, rounded, often with slightly knobbly leaf scars, pubescent, with scattered to dense long whitish pilose spreading hairs, sometimes very dense. Stipules elliptic, c. 4 mm long, tomentose, erect, very soon caducous. Leaves: petiole 3–13 cm long, very slender, sinuous, rounded, finely pubescent sometimes with a few long spreading white hairs, kneed; blade rhomboid-ovate, 6-18 by 3–8 cm, very rarely tricusped, papery, base usually very broadly cuneate, occasionally subtruncate, minutely cordate or under 1 mm peltate, several inconspicuous nectaries near petiole insertion, margin entire or scattered with tiny inconspicuous teeth, apex long caudate, venation with 3 basal nerves, below granular,  subglabrous to velvety, scattered long white hairs, usually main nerves pubescent, sometimes all and sometimes with hairs arising from pustules on the lamina, above main nerves finely crisped pubescent and diffuse to fairly dense solitary hairs on lamina arising from pustules. Staminate inflorescences open, broad, diffuse racemes, 5-10 by 4–6 cm, branches 1–4 cm long, slender, thread-like; flower clusters evenly spaced, often contiguous; bracts opposite or subopposite, large and leafy; bracteoles inconspicuous, minute, c. 0.5 by 0.5 mm, apex blunt, smaller than flower cluster, soon caducous. Staminate flowers 2–4 per cluster, sessile; sepals free; stamens c. 17, 4-locular. Pistillate inflorescences 3.5–10 cm long  with a cluster of 2 or 3 apical bracts; bracts, deltoid, leafy, 15-30 by 6–10 mm, margin finely (deeply) regularly dentate, apex long caudate. Fruits solitary, 2-locular, strongly lobed, to 5 by 8 mm, with close dark granular glands and densely softly spiny; pedicel c. 10 mm long; calyx caducous; stigmas c. 10 mm long, thread-like.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Suthep), Chiang Rai, Phitsanulok; NORTH-EASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum, Nakhon Ratchasima.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— China, Laos, Lower Burma (type).

    E c o l o g y.— Locally abundant. Patchy occurrence.

    N o t e.— This species has a superficial resemblance to Macaranga trichocarpa. It is instantly recognisable by the long spreading white hairs, especially frequent on the inflorescence rachis.

13. Macaranga laciniata Whitmore & Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 25: 241. 1971; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 290. 1972; Whitmore, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 1: 226, t. 2. 1969; Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 112. 1973; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 373. 2007; Whitmore, Gen. Macaranga Prodr.: 168. 2008.

Treelets or trees to 8 m; twigs and Leaves just like M. heynei. Stipules triangular, c. 10 by 4 mm, apex acuminate, papery, with fine rusty-brown pubescence, margins distinctly recurved, caducous. Inflorescences as M. heynei but shorter and denser, to 6 by 3 cm, always racemose; staminate flower clusters crowded; bracteoles ovate, to 8 mm long, finely deeply dissected sometimes with no central lamina, narrow lobes with a small apical gland, fairly thick, finely furfuraceous. Staminate flower clusters of c. 20, flowers shortly pedicelled; sepals 2; stamens 2 (or 3), anthers with 4 loculi. Pistillate flowers mostly 3 together. Fruits 2-lobed, c. 3 by 4 mm, slightly flattened, smooth with close dark granular glands; pedicel 2-3 mm long; calyx small, persistent; stigmas tiny, persistent.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Yala, Narathiwat.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Northeast Peninsular Malaysia (type).

    E c o l o g y.— Lowlands to 360 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Sala (สลา) (Pattani); lo lueat (หลอเลือด) (Trang).

    N o t e.— Completely replaces M. heynei in northeast Peninsular Malaysia, to which it is very similar differing conspicuously in the stipules and bracteoles.

14. Macaranga lowii King ex Hook.f., Fl. Br. Ind. 5: 453. 1887; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 364. 1914; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. 3: 304. 1924; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 290. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 112. 1973, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 154. 1975; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 373. 2007; Whitmore, Gen. Macaranga Prodr.: 173. 2008.— Mallotus auriculatus Merr., Philipp. J. Sc. Bot. 7: 396. 1912; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 194. 1914; Merr., Enum. Philipp. Flow. Pl. 432. 1923; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. 5: 333. 1925.— Mallotus affinis Merr. Philipp. J. Sc. Bot. 13: 82. 1918; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xvii: 183. 1924.— Macaranga poilanei Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 69: 703. 1923; in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 448, t 53: 7-11, t. 54: 1. 1926; Croizat, J. Arnold Arb. 23: 51. 1942; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 21: 406. 1968.— Mallotus tsangii Merr. & Chun, Sunyatsenia 1: 63. 1930.— Macaranga auriculata (Merr.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 19: 325. 1965; Kew Bull. 26: 287. 1972; Whitmore Gard. Bull. Singapore 26: 62. 1972, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 112. 1973; Chiu, Guihaia 2: 150. 1982.— Macaranga glaberrima auct. non (Hassk.) Airy Shaw: Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 19: 322. 1965, pro parte quoad specimina bornensia, nec Rottlera glaberrima Hassk.— Macaranga glaberrima (Hassk.) Airy Shaw var. kostermansii Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 107. 1969; Whitmore, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 155. 1975.

Small trees to 10 m high; twigs round, striate, slender, glabrous. Stipules and bud scales subulate with a small ovate base, c. 7 mm long, chestnut-brown, glabrous, rigidly erect, crowded at twig tip, soon caducous. Leaves: petiole 3–7 cm long, slender, c. 1 mm in diameter, rounded, weakly pubescent or glabrous, kneed; blade elliptic, 8-15 by 3–5 cm, thinly leathery, base rounded to cuneate, minutely auriculate, with 2 glands at petiole insertion, margin entire, rarely slightly sinuate, apex acute to acuminate, c. 1.5 cm long, lower surface glabrous or pubescent on lower part of midrib and closely to sparsely but regularly dark granular glandular. Staminate inflorescences often malformed as a witches’ brooms, slender spikes to 6(-11) cm long; flower clusters 3–4 mm across, c. 1 cm spaced; bracteoles persistent, ovate, c. 1.5 mm long, apex acuminate, shorter than flower cluster. Staminate flowers 4 per cluster; sepals hooded; stamens 12, anthers with 4-locular. Infructescences spikes to 9 cm long, leafy bracts ovate, to 10 by 5 mm, apex acute, soon caducous. Fruits spaced along top distal end of spike, 2-locular, strongly lobed, reaching 6 by 12 by 6 mm, woody, when young very densely spiny, at maturity spines sometimes sparse; spines c. 4 mm long, flattened; surface furfuraceous, glabrous or drying black granular glandular; pedicel stout, 2–4 mm long, pubescent; sepals ovate, c. 2 mm long, apex acute, persistent; styles very fine and slender, up to 2 cm long, spreading, soon caducous.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Chumphon, Surat Thani, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Trang, Krabi, Satun, Phatthalung, Phangnga, Phuket, Songkhla, Narathiwat.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— China, Indochina, Malay Peninsula (type), Borneo, Philippines.

    E c o l o g y.— Lowland primary forests.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Pling (ปลิง) (Surat Thani); ring (หริง) (Chumphon); hua ka (หัวกา) (Nakhon Si Thammarat).

    N o t e.— A common, widespread polymorphic species.

15. Macaranga neodenticulata Whitmore, Thai For. Bull. (Bot.) 29: 61. 2001; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 374. 2007; Whitmore, Gen. Macaranga Prodr.: 191. 2008.

Just like M. denticulata except: Shrubs, c. 4 m high; twigs slightly angular near apex, rounded behind. Stipules oblong, c. 6 by 2 mm, apex acute. Leaves with margin distantly serrate. Staminate inflorescences and flowers unknown. Pistillate inflorescences with bracts obovate to 11 by 2 mm, leathery, margin coarsely crenate, apex broadly acute, adaxially with numerous large conspicuous marginal nectaries, spreading, conspicuous, fairly persistent, bracteoles similar but smaller, larger than flower clusters and persistent. Fruits unknown.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Narathiwat (type: sathaphon et al. 297, holotype L, isotype K).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Endemic to Thailand.

    E c o l o g y.— Secondary forest.

    N o t e s.— 1. Collected once near Narathiwat, said to be common.

    2. According to S.J. Davies (pers. comment) this specimen is an aberrant form of M. denticulata.

16. Macaranga pachyphylla Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 999. 1866; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 319. 1914; Whitmore, Kew Bull. 36: 321. 1981; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 375. 2007; Whitmore, Gen. Macaranga Prodr.: 198. 2008.— Macaranga curtisii Hook.f., Fl. Br. Ind. 5: 448. 1887; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 318. 1914; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. 3: 301. 1924; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 107. 1973, Kew Bull. 36: 319. 1981; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 287. 1972.— Macaranga semiglobosa J.J.Sm., Meded. Dep. Landbouw. 10: 503. 1910; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 320. 1914; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1: 488. 1963; Whitmore, Kew Bull. 36: 319. 1981.

Small trees to 8 m; twigs slender, to 5 mm in diameter, rounded, with conspicuous encircling stipule scars, softly ferruginous tomentose to glabrous and glaucous. Stipules ovate, c. 12 by 10 mm, apex broadly acute, dark brown, papery, glabrous to tomentose in centre, with sparse granular glands, erect, sometimes becoming recurved, subpersistent. Leaves: petiole 8–17 cm long, slender, c. 2 mm in diameter, rounded, weakly to densely tomentose with at least a few spreading hairs; blade ovate, 9-18(-30) by 6–13(–25) cm, coriaceous, drying chocolate brown below, base broadly rounded, 2–8 cm peltate, margin sometimes recurved with protruding glandular teeth, apex acute to acuminate, up to 1 cm long, lower surface with sparse granular glands and velvety from spreading hairs on all main nerves, sometimes slightly glaucous. Staminate inflorescences dense panicles, c. 9 by 3 cm, becoming open, then c. 19 by 7 cm; bracts variable, ovate, 3-10 by 1–5 mm, apex obtuse, acute or acuminate, dark brown, papery, both sides ferruginous pubescent to subglabrous, soon caducous; bracteoles variable, erect, overlapping, ovate, strongly concave, 1-4 by 1–3 mm, persistent, with a shortly acute apex, margin entire; flower clusters crowded. Staminate flowers 4–6 per cluster; pedicel distinct, c. 0.5 mm long; sepals hairy; stamens 3 or 4, 4-locular. Infructescences 4–10 cm long spikes, with a few fruits towards apex. Fruits globose, often slightly depressed, to 8 mm in diameter, drying black, leathery, closely granular glandular except in sutures; pedicel c. 10 mm long, stout, tomentose; sepals large, c. 1 mm long, persistent, papery; stigmas small, c. 1 mm long, broad, persistent.

    T h a i l a n d.— Peninsular.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Sumatra (type), Malay Peninsula, Java.

    E c o l o g y.— Primary mountain rain forest; alt. (100)–500–1500 m.

    N o t e.— Sometimes with a superficial resemblance to M. tanarius var. tomentosa which, however, has staminate bracteoles dentate and fruits spiny.

17. Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 1010. 1866; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 347. 1914; Whitmore, Gard. Bull. Singapore 31: 55. 1978; Philcox in Dassan., Revis. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 11: 170. 1997; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 375. 2007; Whitmore, Gen. Macaranga Prodr.: 203. 2008.— Osyris peltata Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 2, 3: 755. 1832.— Mappa ?peltata (Roxb.) Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 3: t. 817. 1844.— Macaranga roxburghii Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 5: 23. 1852; Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 6: t. 1949, iv. 1853; Hook.f., Fl. Br. Ind. 5: 448. 1887; Brandis, Indian Trees 592: 1906.— Macaranga tomentosa Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 5: 23. 1852; Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 6: t. 1949, i. 1853; Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 1010. 1866; Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 4: 70. 1898.— Macaranga flexuosa Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 5: 23. 1852; Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 6: t. 1949, iii. 1853.— Macaranga wighteana Baill., Étude Euphorb. 432. 1858, nom. nud.

Small trees; twigs stout to 1 cm in diameter, round, smooth, finely, sometimes sparsely fawn furfuraceous, becoming glabrous. Stipules ovate or oblong, 5-10 by c. 5 mm, apex acute, rusty furfuraceous, thinly leathery, becoming reflexed, soon caducous. Leaves: petiole 11–19 cm long, slender, c. 3 mm in diameter, round, slightly striate, weakly furfuraceous, weakly kneed at top; blade ovate, 13-25 by 12–21 cm, thickly papery, base broadly rounded deeply 3–6 cm peltate, with nectaries on upper leaf surface near the basal leaf margin and towards the apex, margin entire, apex acute, sometimes with a narrow 10 mm long acumen, lower surface weakly pubescent with short white tufted hairs, palmately nerved. Staminate inflorescences small racemes, 5–9 by c. 6 cm; bracts inconspicuous, ovate, c. 2 by 1 mm, apex acute, rusty furfuraceous, persistent; bracteoles conspicuous, ovate, to 6 by 5 mm, margin wavy, sometimes shallowly toothed, apex rounded to broadly acute, thick, persistent, erect, both sides densely red-brown furfuraceous, larger than flower clusters; flower clusters in tight overlapping groups of c. 4 at branch tips. Staminate flowers in clusters of c. 20, shortly pedicellate; sepals free, pubescent; stamens 3, 4-locular. Pistillate inflorescences as staminate ones except short, c. 5 cm long racemes. Pistillate flowers with vestigeal calyx; ovary strongly granular glandular, with massive lateral papillose stigma. Fruits in groups to 3, unilocular, very rarely bilocular, to 3 mm in diameter, thinly woody, granular glandular; pedicel slender, to 13 mm long, furfuraceous; calyx tiny, divided, persistent; stigmas small, subbasal, plate-like, papillose.

    T h a i l a n d.— Northern.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— India (type), Sri Lanka.

18. Macaranga pruinosa (Miq.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 992. 1866; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii 309. 1914; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 289. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 106. 1973, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 153. 1975; S.J.Davies, Harvard Papers Bot. 6: 433. 2001; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 376, Fig. 17. 2007.— Mappa pruinosa Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 457. 1859.— Macaranga maingayi Hook.f., Fl. Br. Ind. 5: 449. 1887; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. 3: 298. 1924; Corner, Ways. Trees Malaya 267. 1940; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 289. 1972.

Trees to 25–30 m tall, d.b.h. 30–40 cm; twigs 5–10 mm in diameter, rounded, ± glabrous, densely to sparsely glaucous. Stipules rounded, cup-shaped, c. 15 by 15 mm, mostly glabrous, persistent. Leaves: petiole 10–25 cm long, rounded, slightly glaucous, glabrous or with scattered ferruginous hairs; blade broadly ovate to rounded, to 20 ´ 18 cm, evenly trilobed with the central lobe slightly larger than the laterals, dissected to c. 1/3–1/2, base broadly rounded, peltate to 1.5–4 cm, margin ± entire, at first densely ferruginous tomentose, upper surface becoming ± glabrous except on nerves, lower surface finely ferruginous tomentose, nerves densely reticulate. Staminate inflorescences erect panicles, 10–30 cm long, to 4 axis orders, densely ferruginous tomentose, ± glabrous near base; bracteoles broadly ovate, 3-5 by 3–4 mm, margin irregularly dentate, apex rounded to broadly acute, tomentose. Staminate flowers 6–15 per cluster, c. 0.7 mm long, shortly pedicellate; sepals 3, free, ferruginous hairy; stamens 2 or 3, anthers 4-locular. Pistillate inflorescences 5–18 cm long, to 3 axis orders, otherwise as staminate. Pistillate flowers c. 1.5 mm long; calyx urceolate, finely ferruginous hairy, ovary 2-locular, stigmas c. 1 mm long, free, persistent. Fruits bilocular, c. 5 by 5–6 mm, locules subglobose, without spines, yellow, sticky; pedicel 4–6 mm long, finely ferruginous hairy. Seeds c. 3 mm diameter, flattened, black, shallowly pitted; aril violet.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Narathiwat, Pattani.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra, Borneo.

    E c o l o g y.— Lowland peat swamp forests often as monospecific regrowth.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Mahang (มะฮัง), mahang yai (มะฮังใหญ่) (Peninsular).

19. Macaranga siamensis S.J.Davies in S.J.Davies, Bunyav. & LaFrankie, Thai For. Bull. 29: 43, fig. 1. 2001; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 379, Fig. 18. 2007.— Macaranga gigantea auct. non (Rchb.f & Zoll.) Müll.Arg.: Gardner, Sidisunthorn & Anusarnunthorn, Forest Trees N. Thailand 313. 2000.

Trees to 25 m tall and 40 cm d.b.h.; twigs 12–26 mm in diameter, round in section, apically tawny furfuraceous, otherwise ± glabrous, copious red latex. Bark brown to orange-brown, with prominent lenticels. Stipules huge, elliptic, to 6 by 3 cm, smaller on mature twigs, erect, persistent, initially pinkish-green coriaceous, drying chartaceous black, ± glabrous. Leaves: petiole stout, 20–50 cm long, rounded, slightly glaucous, with tawny woolly hairs; blade huge, broadly ovate, to 70 by 50 cm, but often smaller, trilobed to subentire, base broadly rounded, peltate to 5–15 cm, margin ± entire, apex dotted with round nectaries, surfaces at first densely tawny woolly pubescent, lower surface at maturity with erect soft hairs. Staminate inflorescences erect panicles, 8-30 by 10–20 cm, to 5 axis orders, densely woolly pubescent; bracteoles broadly ovate, c. 5 by 3 mm, base narrow, margin irregularly dentate, apex rounded to broadly acute, usually with a nectary, woolly. Staminate flowers 12–25 per cluster, c. 0.7 mm long, shortly pedicellate; sepals 3, free, woolly; stamens 2- 3, anthers 4-locular. Pistillate inflorescences 10–18 cm long, to 4 axis orders, otherwise as staminate. Pistillate flowers c. 2.5 mm long, calyx urceolate, persistent; ovary 2-locular; styles 1–1.5 mm long, free, persistent. Fruits bilocular, c. 5 by 8–10 mm, without spines, yellow, sticky; pedicel 8–13 mm, densely woolly. Seeds ovoid, c. 3.5 mm in diameter, black, pitted; aril black.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Chiang Dao), Phitsanulok (Thung Salang Luang); SOUTH-WESTERN: Uthai Thani (Ban Rai), Kanchanaburi (Thong Pha Phum); CENTRAL: Saraburi (Sam Lam), Nakhon Nayok (type: Khao Yai National Park, S.J. davies, pattarahirankanok & ngernsaengsaruay 99316, holotype BKF, isotypes A, K, L, SAR); SOUTH-EASTERN: Chanthaburi (Khao Soi Dao, Grating Falls, Namtok Phlio National Park.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Laos, Cambodia (?), Burma (?).

    E c o l o g y.— Secondary forest and canopy gaps. Mostly in dry seasonal evergreen forest, but also in wetter forests (e.g., Khao Yai), and also on limestone.

    N o t e s.— Formerly confused with M. gigantea from which it differs in many features: dark orange brown bark (not pale grey); petiole rounded throughout its length (not distinctly flattened near the base); leaf margins less coarsely dentate; leaves often not very deeply dissected; upper leaf surface with large prominent conical nectaries near the margin; the indumentum on shoots and leaves of tawny woolly hairs (versus tufted, erect and silvery); aril black (versus violet).

20. Macaranga tanarius (L.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 997. 1866; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 352. 1914; Kew Bull. 23: 93. 1969 passim, 26: 291. 1971; Whitmore, Gard. Bull. Singapore 31: 56. 1978, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 111. 1973; Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 158. 1975, Kew Bull. 36: 322. 1981; Chiu, Guihaia 2: 147. 1982 in clavi; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 379, Fig. 19, Plate XX: 2. 2007; Whitmore, Gen. Macaranga Prodr.: 255. 2008.— Ricinus tanarius L. in Stickm., Herb. Amboin.: 14. 1754; Amoen. Acad. 4: 125. 1759.

Small trees; twigs rounded, glabrous or finely pubescent. Stipules ovate to broadly elliptic, to 20 by 8 mm, apex acute to caudate, drying dark brown, papery, erect, subpersistent or caducous. Leaves: petiole to 15 cm long, rounded, glabrous to slightly furfuraceous or pubescent, at least at tip; blade ovate, to 17 by 15 cm, papery, base rounded to 4 cm peltate, with palmate venation, margin distantly finely toothed, apex acute to acuminate, glabrous to furfurescent to pubescent on nerves below, sometimes just near petiole insertion, granular glands minute, inconspicuous, sparse to dense, golden or blackish. Staminate inflorescences variable, narrow panicles to 15 cm long, glabrous to hairy; flower clusters spaced or overlapping, branches subtended by usually soon caducous stipule-like bracts to 8 mm long; bracteoles persistent, larger than clusters, apex acute to caudate, margin deeply irregularly dissected into many fine teeth, glabrous to hairy, sometimes nerved. Staminate flowers 5–6(-14) per cluster; pedicel 1–1.5 mm long; sepals free; stamens 6 or 7, anthers 4-locular. Infructescences 4-16 cm long, with fruits crowded; rachis glabrous or furfuraceous; bracteoles caducous, sometimes stalked, leafy, ovate, concave, c. 4 by 4 mm or larger, upper margin deeply dentate to fimbriate, apex acuminate, papery, glabrous to hairy. Fruits bilobed, to 10 mm across by 6 mm, glabrous to variously granular glandular, with numerous long slender tentacle-like processes from upper half, woody; pedicel c. 2 mm long; calyx tiny, persistent; styles persistent, c. 5 mm long, filiform.

    T h a i l a n d.— See under varities.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— India to China, Japan, all Malesia (Moluccas: type), Queensland and Melanesia.

Key to the varieties

 

var. tanarius: Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 380. 2007; Whitmore, Gen. Macaranga Prodr.: 256. 2008.

 

Twigs rounded, glabrous. Stipules ovate, to 15 by 8 mm, apex acute, glabrous, drying dark brown, papery, erect, subpersistent or caducous. Leaves: when expanding petiole and blade pubescent, very soon becoming glabrous except at base of main nerves below; blade to 17 by 15 cm, glabrous, below with usually dark, rarely golden, granular glands. Staminate inflorescences: bracteoles to 6 by 3 mm, apex acuminate to caudate, margin toothed, glabrous, sometimes nerved; flower clusters spaced. Infructescences: rachis glabrous; bracteoles glabrous. Fruits glabrous.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— China, Sumatra, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas (type).

    N o t e.— Much less common than var. tomentosa.

 

var. tomentosa (Blume) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 997. 1866; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 3380, Fig. 19. 2007; Whitmore, Gen. Macaranga Prodr.: 257, Fig. 22. 2008.— Mappa tomentosa Blume, Bijdr. 624. 1825.— Macaranga molliuscula Kurz, J. Asit. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 42: 245. 1873.

 

           

 

Twigs finely pubescent or furfuraceous (sometimes becoming glabrous). Stipules broadly elliptic, 8-20 by 3–7 mm, apex acuminate to caudate, puberulous or furfuraceous, sometimes just on midline, sometimes becoming glabrous. Leaves: petiole slightly furfuraceous or pubescent, at least at tip; blade to 17 ´ 15 cm, usually smaller, furfurescent to pubescent on nerves below, sometimes just near petiole insertion, granular glands minute, inconspicuous, sparse to dense, golden or blackish. Staminate inflorescences: bracteoles very variable in size very, 1.5(-12) by 1.5(-13) mm, margin usually distantly deeply toothed, apex acute to acuminate or caudate, both surfaces finely pubescent or rarely (almost) glabrous, with a conspicuous network of nerves; flower clusters overlapping. Infructescences: rachis furfuraceous; bracteoles furfuraceous. Fruits variously granular glandular.

    T h a i l a n d.— SOUTH-WESTERN: Chon Buri, Rayong, Chachoengsao, Chanthaburi, Trat; SOUTH-WESTERN: Phetchaburi, Prachuap Khiri Khan; PENINSULAR: Chumphon, Ranong, Surat Thani, Phuket, Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Trang, Satun, Songkhla, Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— India to China, Japan, all Malesia (Java, type), Queensland and Melanesia.

    E c o l o g y.— Very common.

21. Macaranga trichocarpa (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 1003. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Br. Ind. 5: 450. 1887; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 358. 1914; Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 441. 1926; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 97. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 291. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 111. 1973, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 158. 1975, Gard. Bull. Singapore 31: 56. 1978, Kew Bull. 36: 322. 1981; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 382, Fig. 20. 2007; Whitmore, Gen. Macaranga Prodr.: 263. 2008.— Mappa trichocarpa Rchb.f. & Zoll., Linnaea 28: 307. 1856; Verhand. Natuurk. Vereen. Ned. Ind. 1: 8. 1856.— Macaranga minutiflora Müll.Arg., Flora 47: 466. 1864; in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 1012. 1866.— Macaranga trichocarpa Rchb.f. & Zoll. var. trilobulata Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 442. 1926.

Bushy trees to 5 m with sprawling limbs; twigs slender, c. 3 mm in diameter, rounded, smooth, finely velvety, silver to yellow-brown pubescent. Stipules elliptic, c. 5 mm long, papery, pubescent, erect, very soon caducous. Leaves: petiole 4–5 cm long, slender, rounded, finely pubescent, sometimes weakly kneed at top; blade rhombic-ovate, 7-14 by 4–10 cm, very occasionally with 2 lateral cusps or small lobes, thinly leathery, base truncate to very broadly rounded, often under 1 mm peltate, occasionally with inconspicuous nectaries near petiole insertion, margin coarsely dentate, with small glandular teeth, apex acute or shortly acuminate, lower surface granular glandular and velvety with short spreading white hairs on all nerves, surface above with white hairs (caducous except on nerves) arising from small persistent pustules; strongly tri-nerved at base. Inflorescences diffuse narrow racemes to 6 cm long; bracts elliptic, c. 5 mm long, dentate, leaf-like, pubescent, soon caducous; bracteoles persistent, ovate, strongly concave, to 4 by 2 mm, apex acute, margins finely deeply dissected, nerved; flower clusters in groups, smaller than bracteoles, overlapping. Staminate flowers c. 14 per cluster; pedicel c. 0.5 mm long; sepals united, elliptic; stamens 2, c. 0.5 mm long, 4-locular. Pistillate flowers similar to staminate, ovary bilobed. Fruits round (or bilobed), c. 4 mm in diameter, woody, golden granular glandular, with dense short spines bearing conspicuous glassy irritant hairs; pedicel c. 3 mm long, pubescent; calyx small, persistent.

    T h a i l a n d.— SOUTH-WESTERN: Phetchaburi; CENTRAL: Nakhon Nayok; SOUTH-EASTERN: Chantaburi, Rayong, Trat.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Lower Burma, India, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (type), Borneo.

    E c o l o g y.— Sometimes forming thickets. In continental Asia very patchy.

Vernacular.— Pan pa (ป่านป่า) (Rayong).

    N o t e.— Distinctive in habit, appearance and especially in fruit. In inflorescence construction and bracteole nervation reminiscent of M. tanarius.

22.  Macaranga triloba (Reinw. ex Blume) Müll.Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15, 2: 989. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Br. Ind. 5: 452. 1887; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii: 380. 1914; Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 439. 1926; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 292. 1972; S.J. Davies, Harvard Papers Bot. 6: 418. 2001; Whitmore & S.J.Davies in Welzen & Chayam., Fl. Thailand 8, 2: 384. 2007.— Ricinus trilobus Reinw. ex Blume, Catalogus 108: 1823, nom. nud.— Pachystemon trilobus Reinw. ex Blume, Bijdr.: 626. 1825.

Trees to 20 m tall, to 25 cm d.b.h., often smaller; twigs 6–12 mm in diameter, finely tomentose to glabrous, solid, without ants. Stipules ovate-elliptic, 7-12 by 5–10 mm, spreading to recurved, not appressed to stem. Leaves: petiole to 25 cm long, rounded, tomentose to glabrous; blade ovate to broadly ovate, to 35 by 28 cm, trilobed to 1/3–1/2, sometimes with extra basal lobes, central lobe narrowly deltate, laterals narrow, spreading, base rounded to subtruncate, peltate to 7 cm, margin with prominent glandular teeth, apex acute to acuminate, surfaces at first reddish brown with erect hairs, becoming glabrous above, shortly pubescent below. Staminate inflorescences paniculate, erect, 10-22 by 8–16 cm, light green, with scattered whitish and ferruginous hairs to ± glabrous, to 3-4 axis orders, rachis flattened, lowest branches opposite; bracteoles ovate to ovate-elliptic, 2-5 by 2–4.5 mm, margin mostly entire, apex acuminate to caudate, ferruginous hairy. Staminate flowers 20–35 per cluster, c. 0.8 mm long, sessile; sepals 3, fused, ferruginous hairy; stamens 1, anthers 3-locular. Pistillate inflorescences 4-10 by 2–5 cm, unbranched or one pair of branches, otherwise as staminate. Pistillate flowers 3-4 mm long; calyx urceolate, ferruginous pubescent, persistent- ovary 4- or 5-locular; stigmas 2–3 mm long, fused at base. Fruits subglobose, 6-8 by 10-13 mm, sessile, one discrete glandular patch on each carpel wall developing into a 3–5 mm long horn, yellow, sticky; crowned by 4–6 mm long fused stigmas. Seeds 4–4.5 mm in diameter, black, grooved; aril red.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Pattani, Narathiwat.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Sumatra (including Bangka), Java (type), Malay Peninsula, Cambodia?, South Vietnam?

    E c o l o g y.— Lowlands to c. 800 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Lo khao (ลอขาว) (Nakhon Si Thammarat); sala pang (สลาป้าง) (Trat); lo ngam (หล่อง่าม) (Trang).