Flora of Thailand Euphorbiaceae

 

32. Drypetes

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Genus description

Identification key

Species descriptions

Drypetes

Vahl, Eclog. Amer. 3: 49. 1810; Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 453. 1866; Benth. in Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3: 278. 1880; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv: 229. 1922; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 252. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 87. 1973; G.L.Webster, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 47. 1994; Radcl.-Sm., Gen. Euphorbiacearum: 50, 2001; Phuph. & Chayam. in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 231. 2005; Levin in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 11: 275, fig. 63. 2014.— Liparena Poir. ex Léman, Dict. Sc. Nat. 27: 6. 1823.— Putranjiva Wall., Tent. Fl. Napal. 2: 61. 1826; Radcl.-Sm., Gen. Euphorb.: 53. 2001.— Cyclostemon Blume, Bijdr.: 597: 1826.— Nageia Roxb., (Hort. Beng.: 71. 1814, nomen) Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 766. 1832.— Laneasagum Bedd., Madras J. Lit. Sci. 2, 22: 71. 1861.

Trees or shrubs; monoecious or dioecious. Indumentum simple hairs, pubescent to glabrous. Stipules 2. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole short; blade coriaceous or chartaceous, base asymmetrical, margin entire, crenulate, dentate or serrate, glands absent, venation penninerved. Flowers clustered in fascicles in axil of leaves or cauliflorous, rarely terminal, sometimes in reduced cymes, pedicellate; sepals 4 or 5, strongly imbricate, concave, often unequal, ciliate; petals absent. Staminate flowers: stamens 2 to numerous, inserted around a broadly lobed or folded disc, filaments free, anthers introrse or extrorse, longitudinally dehiscent; pistillode present or absent. Pistillate flowers: disc annular, cup-shaped or absent; ovary 1–4-locular; ovules 2 per locule; style short or absent, stigmas 1–4, broad, flat, fan- to almost kidney-shaped. Fruits drupaceous; 1–4-locular, somewhat fleshy outside; mostly, albumen fleshy 1 seeded.

    Circa 140 species in tropical regions of the New and Old World. Sixteen species in Thailand. Classification: subfam. Phyllanthoideae, tribe Drypeteae (Webster, 1994, and Radcliffe-Smith, 2001, mainly disagree in the classification of the Drypeteae. Webster unites Putranjiva with Drypetes, Radcliffe-Smith leaves them separate: Putranjiva: disc absent, stamens 2 or 3(4), anthers extrorse, styles petal-like widened; Drypetes: disc usually present, stamens 4 to many, anthers usually introrse; styles stigmatiform. The view of Webster is followed here).

Key to the species

1. Drypetes assamica (Hook.f.) Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv: 241. 1922; Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 566. 1927; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 253. 1972; Phuph. & Chayam. in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 234. 2005.— Cyclostemon assamicus Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 342. 1887.

Tree 5–6 m high; branches pubescent. Leaves: petiole 6–8 mm long, hairy; blade broadly oblong to elliptic, 7.5–10 by 3.5–6.5 cm, coriaceous, base cuneate, subequal, margin quite entire, apex acuminate, subacute or obtuse, both surfaces smooth, shining, mostly glabrous, hairy along midrib beneath, nerves 8–12 pairs, slender, veins and veinlets reticulate, distinct on both surfaces. Staminate flowers axillary, fasciculate, about 1 cm in diameter; pedicel about 5 mm long; sepals 4, suborbicular, ciliate, 2 outer ones smaller, pubescent outside; stamens ca. 15, anther oblong, about 1.3 vy 0.3 mm. Pistillate flowers solitary; disc cup-shaped, ciliate; ovary hairy, 2-locular; style less than 2 mm long. Fruits with pedicel 4 mm long; subcubical, 1–1.5 by ca. 1 cm, thinly adpressed tawny pubescent, stigma small.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTH-EASTERN: Nong Khai; PENINSULAR: Ranong (Khao Thalu).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— E. Himalayas, India (type), Andaman Islands, Indo-China.

    E c o l o g y.— In evergreen forest by stream and in edge of evergreen forest. Altitude up to 200 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Mak khon (หมักโคน) (General).

2. Drypetes cambodica Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 258. 1924; in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 570. 1927; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 253. 1972; Phuph. & Chayam. in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 234, fig. 52. 2005.— Drypetes kurziana C.E.C.Fisch., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1926: 439. 1926; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 19: 303, in obs., 306, in clavi. 1965.

Tree 7–8 m high, branches pendulous; branchlets slender, glabrous or subglabrous, greyish. Stipules deltoid, about 1 mm long, scarious. Leaves: petiole 4–6 mm long, hairy, transversely corrugated; blade oblong, elliptic-ovate to elliptic, 6–11 by 2.5–4 cm, chartaceous, base rounded or cuneate, slightly unequal, margin obscurely denticulate, apex acuminate-obtuse, mucronate; nerves slender, 6–8 pairs, base decurrent, veins and veinlets thinly reticulate, obscure on upper surface. Flowers axillary in fascicles of 1–4. Staminate flowers: pedicel 3–4 mm long; sepals 4, oblong to nearly orbicular, concave in bud, neary free, outside pubescent; stamens ca. 28, filaments about 1.5 mm long, anther oblong, c. 1 by 0.5 mm; disc annular, small. Pistillate flowers with pedicel ca. 4 mm long; sepals 4, ovary subglobose, 1-locular, style absent, stigmas 2, large. Fruits: pedicel c. 4 mm long; oblong-ovoid, slightly compressed, c. 10 by 8 mm, glabrous, with oblique style and sculptured endocarp

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Nakhon Sawan; SOUTH-WESTERN: Prachuap Khiri Khan; PENINSULAR: Surat Thani.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Myanmar, Indo-China, Cambodia (type).

    E c o l o g y.— In evergreen forest and scattered in swamp forest. Altitude up to 100 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Mak kha mae (หมักขะแม) (General); bo-yo-kae (บอยอแก) (Khmer).

3. Drypetes curtisii (Hook.f.) Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147xv: 250. 1922; Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen. 3: 223. 1924; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 254. 1972; Phuph. & Chayam. in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 236, fig. 53. 2005.— Cyclostemon curtisii Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 343. 1887.

Small tree, glabrous; bark whitish. Leaves: petiole ca. 2 mm long, thick; blade elliptic, 9–13.5 by 3–5.3 cm, subcoriaceous, base obliquely cuneate to subobtuse, margin entire, apex acuminate to obtuse, glabrous, usually green when dry; nerves 7–10 pairs, irregularly arranged, prominent on lower surface; veins and veinlets reticulate. Staminate flower not seen. Pistillate flowers axillary, solitary, sessile or shortly pedicellate; calyx disciform, ciliate; ovary 2-locular; stigmas 2, small, hemisphaeric. Fruits (immature) about 1 cm in diam., pericarp thin, white, transversely bilobed, glabrous.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Ranong (Khlong Nakha), Surat Thani (Khao Tong).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Malay Peninsula (type).

    E c o l o g y.— In evergreen forest, on sandstone hill. Altitude 150–500 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Luk na kha (ลูกนาคา) (Ranong).

4. Drypetes dasycarpa (Airy Shaw) Phuph. & Chayam., Thai For. Bull. (Bot.) 28: 160. 2000; in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 236, fig. 54, plate XIII: 2. 2005.— Drypetes indica (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm. var. dasycarpa Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 32: 74. 1976.

Tree up to 20 m high; pubescent. Leaves: petiole 5–12 mm long, hairy above; blade elliptic-oblong, 10–18 by 4–6 cm, base rounded to cuneate, unequal, margin entire, apex acuminate or acute, glabrous; nerves slender, 6–8 pairs, slightly sunken above, prominent beneath, veins and veinlets finely reticulate, visible on lower surface. Flowers axillary and terminally, in determinate reduced cymes. Staminate flowers 1–4; scale-like bracts several at the base of the axis, ovate or broad-ovate, 5–7 by c. 5 mm, ciliate, outside hairy near the apex, inside glabrous, coriaceous; pedicel 5–10 mm long, hairy; sepals 4, obovate to oblong, ca. 3.5 by 2 mm, apex obtuse, ciliate, thin; stamens 8–12, filament 3–4 mm long, glabrous, anther broad-oblong to subglobose, 0.5–1 by 0.5-1 mm; disc hairy. Pistillate flowers: sepals 4; ovary densely hairy, 3-locular, styles 3, long and slender, stigmas large, flattened. Infructescencse up to 5 cm long. Fruits densely hairy when young; pedicel 0.5–1 cm long; subglobose, c. 1.5 cm in diameter, greenish yellow, slightly 3-lobed, stigmas persistent.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai [Doi Angka, Doi Chang, Doi Inthanon, type: Nooteboom, Tantisewie & Phengklai 807, K, Doi Sam Muen, Mae Taeng], Nan (Doi Phu Kha, Doi Ti); NORTH-EASTERN: Loei (Phu Luang).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Endemic.

    E c o l o g y.— In evergreen forest, hill evergreen forest and savannah. Altitude: 950–1,950 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Mak in (หมักอินทร์) (Chiang Mai).

5. Drypetes hainanensis Merr., J. Arnold Arbor. 6: 134. 1925; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 254. 1972; Phuph. & Chayam. in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 239, fig. 55. 2005.

Tree 3–12 m high, bark grey, branches terete, slender, slightly pubescent when young, soon glabrous, lenticellate. Leaves: petiole 3–8 mm long, slightly pubescent when young, soon glabrous; blade elliptic, oblong or ovate, 5–9.5 by 2–4 cm, chartaceous, base cuneate to rounded, slightly unequal, margin entire, apex acuminate, glabrous; nerves thin, anastomosing, reticulate, inconspicuous. Staminate flowers axillary; pedicel 3–5 mm long; sepals 4, spathulate, 6–8 by 3–4 mm, hairy on both surfaces, light yellow; stamens ca. 12, filament ca. 3 mm long, slender, white, anthers oblong, about 1 mm long; disc present. Pistillate flowers unknown. Fruits axillary, solitary, sessile, globose, 2.2–2.5 cm in diameter, with fine pale-brown hairs; exocarp fragile, endocarp hard, mesocarp spongy, thick; 2-locular; stigmas 3-lobed, persistent.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Lampang (Mae Ta); NORTH-EASTERN: Phetchabun; EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima (Khao Yai National Park, Sikiao); SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi (Tabtao, Wang Kanai, Sisawat); CENTRAL: Saraburi (Hin Lap, Muak Lek); SOUTH-EASTERN: Chon Buri (Bo Tong), Chanthaburi; PENINSULAR: Surat Thani (Ko Samui, Ko Tae, Ko Tao, Ko Phangan, Ban Yang).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— China (Hainan, type).

    E c o l o g y.— In evergreen forest, in open rocky bamboo/deciduous forest, on limestone mountain. Altitude: up to 400 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Ya kae (ยาแก้) (Lampang); song kradong hin (สองกระดองหิน) (Chanthaburi).

6. Drypetes harmandii Pierre ex Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 259. 1924; in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 569. 1927; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 254. 1972; Phuph. & Chayam. in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 239. 2005.

Tree up to 15 m high; branchlets pubescent, yellowish. Stipules linear-lanceolate, c. 9 by 2 mm, outside densely appressed hairy, caducous. Leaves: petiole 7–10 mm long, thick, pubescent; blade oblong, 13–21.5 by 3–7.5 cm, coriaceous, base cuneate or rounded, margin coarsely serrate, apex cuspidate, tip obtuse, nerves 8–10 pairs, veins and veinlets reticulate, conspicuous on lower surface. Flowers axillary. Staminate flowers unknown. Pistillate flowers sessile, sepals 5, oblong or obovate-oblong, outside densely appressed hairy, inside glabrous; ovary ovoid or globose, 2-locular, densely brown hairy; style short, stigmas large. Fruits subsessile, globose, ca. 4 cm in diameter, densely pubescent outside, 2-seeded.

    T h a i l a n d.— SOUTH-EASTERN: Chon Buri (Si Racha, Khao Khiao); PENINSULAR: Surat Thani.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Indo-China, Laos (type).

    E c o l o g y.— In evergreen forest, on limestone mountains. Altitude: 150–350 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Kluean (เกลื้อน) (Krabi); mak fak (หมักฟัก) (Laos).

7. Drypetes helferi (Hook.f.) Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl. Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv: 244. 1922; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 254. 1972; Phuph. & Chayam. in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 239, fig. 56. 2005.— Cyclostemon helferi Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 343. 1887.

Tree about 10 m high; young parts hairy, glabrescent. Stipules oblong-elliptic, ca. 6 by 1–1.5 mm, outside laxly hairy. Leaves: petiole 4–6 mm long, rather thick; blade oblong or elliptic-oblong, 7–22 by 3.5–7.5 cm, chartaceous to coriaceous, base unequally cuneate to broadly cuneate, margin subentire or subspinulose-dentate, apex acuminate or caudate, tip blunt, glossy, glabrous, nerves 7–8 pairs, slender, veins and veinlets reticulate. Staminate flowers axillary, few, pedicels 1.5–2.5 mm long; with 1–3 bracts at the base of the pedicels, shield-shaped, c. 1 by 1.5 mm, margin ciliate; sepals 5, broadly oblong to orbicular, c. 3 by 2–3 mm, margin thin, ciliate; stamens many, filaments c. 2 mm long, anther oblong or sagittate, 1–1.2 by ca. 0.5 mm, glabrous; disc flat. Pistillate flowers unknown. Fruits with a c. 8 mm long pedicel, obovoid, pubescent, stigmas large, widened.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Nakhon Si Thammarat (Lan Saka, Khao Luang).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Lower Burma (type).

    E c o l o g y.— Common in evergreen forest. Altitude: ca. 800 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Pra kham khao luang (ประคำเขาหลวง) (Nakhon Si Thammarat).

8. Drypetes hoaensis Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 259. 1924; in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 570. 1927; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 255. 1972; Phuph. & Chayam. in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 242, fig. 57. 2005.

Tree 5–20 m high, bark pale grey; branchlet slender, angular, young branches grey hairy, glabrescent. Stipules subulate, 1.2–1.5 by ca. 0.8 mm, ciliate, apically hairy outside. Leaves: petiole 3–8 mm long, pubescent, glabrescent; blade ovate to elliptic, 3–12.5 by 1.5–6 cm, coriaceous, base cuneate or obtuse, oblique, margin denticulate, apex acuminate to caudate, tip obtuse, glabrous, nerves very thin, veins and veinlets finely reticulate, inconspicuous on both surfaces. Inflorescences axillary, flowers unisexual or bisexual, glomerulate. Staminate flowers: pedicel ca. 4 mm long; sepals 4, elliptic, ciliate, 2 outer ones c. 2 mm long, 2 inner ones c. 3 mm long; stamens 12–15, filaments ca. 3 mm long, anthers oblong, ca. 1 by 0.5 mm; disc flat, glabrous; without pistillode. Pistillate flowers: sepals 4; ovary shortly cylindrical, stigma large, flat; in bisexual flower stamens round the ovary. Fruits with 4–10 mm long pedicel; ovoid, ca. 10 by 7–8 mm, glabrous, with calyx scars at the base, 1-seeded.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Lampang; NORTH-EASTERN: Loei (Pha Nok Khao); EASTERN: Chaiyaphum (Ban Nam Phrom), Nakhon Ratchasima (Si Khio), Si Sa Ket (Sam Rong Keat Waterfall); CENTRAL: Saraburi (limestone hill near Phukae Botanical Garden, Muak Lek); SOUTH-EASTERN: Chon Buri (Samaesarn Is.); SOUTH-WESTERN: Prachuap Khiri Khan; PENINSULAR: Surat Thani (Ko Ang Thong, Ko Samui, Ko Tao), Phangnga (Ko Karat, Ko Similan), Trang (Ko Libong), Satun (Tarutao), Songkhla (Khao Rup Chang).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Indo-China (type from Vietnam).

    E c o l o g y.— Common in evergreen forest, dry evergreen forest on rocky limestone hills, in mixed deciduous forest, by sea-shore. Altitude: up to 350 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Thian khamoi (เทียนขโมย) (Saraburi); kaphap (กะพาบ) (Prachuap Khiri Khan); long lai (หลงใหล) (Surat Thani).

9. Drypetes indica (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv: 278. 1922; Phuph. & Chayam. in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 242. 2005.— Cyclostemon indicus Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 81. 1863; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 340. 1887; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 255. 1972.— Cyclostemon lanceifolius Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 340. 1887.— Cyclostemon griffithii Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 340. 1887.— Drypetes karapinensis (Hayata) Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv: 248. 1922.— Drypetes hieranensis (Hayata) Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv: 248. 1922.— Drypetes lanceifolia (Hook.f.) Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv: 277. 1922.— Drypetes griffithii (Hook.f.) Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv: 277. 1922.— Drypetes nienkui Merr. & Chun, Sunyatsenia 2: 258. 1935.

Small tree up to 8 m high; branches slender. Stipules large and membranous. Leaves: petiole 5–10 mm long, glabrous; blade elliptic, 6.5–11.5 by 2–5 cm, base cuneate, margin entire, unequal, apex acuminate, glabrous on both surfaces; nerves 5–7 pairs, slender, veins and veinlets finely reticulate. Flowers axillary, greenish, fragrant. Staminate flowers 1–4 together; pedicel ca. 1 cm long, glabrous; sepals 4, obovate, obtuse, ciliate, reflexed; stamens 4–8, disc glabrous. Pistillate flowers: styles elongate, 2–3 mm long, slender, with small stigmas. Fruits with 18–22 mm long pedicel; globose or sometimes lobed, ca. 1.3 cm in diameter.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Inthanon); NORTH-EASTERN: Loei (Phu Luang); SOUTH-EASTERN: Chanthaburi (Khao Sabap); PENINSULAR: Surat Thani (Khao Nom Sao), Phangnga (Khao Katha Kwam).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— E. Himalayas, Assam (type), Myanmar, China (Hainan), Taiwan.

    E c o l o g y.— In hill evergreen forest. Altitude: 950–1250 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Mak in kan yao (หมักอนก้านยาว) (General).

10. Drypetes longifolia (Blume) Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv: 245. 1922; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. 3: 222. 1924; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1: 473. 1963; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: 55. 1969; Kew Bull. 26: 256. 1972; Phuph. & Chayam. in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 244, fig. 58, plate XIII: 3. 2005.— Cyclostemon longifolius Blume, Bijdr.: 598. 1826; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 341. 1887.— Cyclostemon macrophyllus Blume, Bijdr.: 598. 1826.— Cyclostemon macrophyllus Blume var. malaccensis Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 341. 1887.— Drypetes macrophylla (Blume) Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv: 247. 1922; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1: 473. 1963.

Tree about 15 m high; twigs yellowish-brown pubescent, glabrescent. Leaves: petiole 7–12 mm long; blade oblong to elliptic, 14–24 by 4–6 cm, coriaceous, base unequally cuneate or rounded, margin entire, apex obtusely acuminate, subglabrous; nerves 8–10 pairs, prominent on lower surface. Flowers ramiflorous on tubercles of older twigs and branches. Staminate flowers: pedicel 6–11 mm long, brown velutinous; sepals 4 or 5, semiorbicular, 5–8 by 5–8 mm, spreading patently, velutinous outside, margin shortly ciliate; stamens numerous, disc hairy. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 5–7 mm long, short-hairy; sepals ovate-orbicular, 3–4 by 3–4 mm, outside densely short-hairy, margin short-ciliate; disc annular; ovary subglobose, 2-locular, densely short-hairy, stigmas large, transversely oblong or obtriangular, sessile. Fruits subglobose, ca. 4 cm in diameter, sulcate, pubescent; exocarp crustaceous, mesocarp spongy, endocarp hard.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Ranong (Khao Phota Luang Kaeo, Khao Thalu, Khlong Nang Yon), Phangnga (Ko Surin), Nakhon Si Thammarat (Khao Luang).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Widely distributed throughout Malesia.

    E c o l o g y.— In evergreen forest. Altitude: up to 750 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Lang khao (ลังค้าว) (Ranong).

    U s e s.— Provides fibers with a length of 2–2.7 mm, possibilities for papermaking in mixtures.

11. Drypetes ochrothrix Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 21: 361. 1968; Kew Bull. 25: 501. 1971; Kew Bull. 26: 256. 1972; Phuph. & Chayam. in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 244, fig. 59. 2005.

Tree 12 m high, branches slender; young parts golden sericeous, glabrescent; bark pale grey. Stipules small, subulate. Leaves: petiole 4–7 mm long, about 1 mm thick, short-hairy; blade ovate-elliptic to oblong-obovate, 8–10.5 by 3–4.5 cm, thinly chartaceous, base cuneate or rounded, unequal, margin shallowly crenate or serrate, apex caudate-acuminate, upper surface glabrous except for short-hairy midrib, lower surface with scattered yellowish-brown hairs, densely on midrib and nerves, glabrescent; midrib prominent on both surfaces, nerves 5–7 pairs, slender, curved, prominent on lower surface, veins and veinlets scalariform. Staminate flowers axillary, in fascicles of ca. 10 flowers in every leaf-axil of the branchlets, covered with golden hairs; pedicel 4–5 mm long; sepals 4, margins often incurved, the outer ones oblong-elliptic with broad base, the inner ones obovate with narrow base, 3–4 by c. 2 mm, apex rounded, golden-yellow hairy on both sides, patent or reflexed; stamens 20–25, 2–3 mm long, anther oblong, ca. 1 mm long; disc central. Pistillate flowers not known. Fruits in fascicles of 2–4; pedicel 6–8 mm long, slender, covered with brown short hairs; in dry state obovoid-subquadrangular, 9–10 by 8–9 by 6–7 mm, base and apex subtruncate, ventrally sulcate, 1-locular, brown when dry, sparingly covered with minute golden-yellow hairs, disc accrescent to ca. 2 mm in diam., style how long?, conical, persistent, stigma a reniform cap, 1.5 mm wide.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Krabi (Khao Phanom).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Borneo (Sabah, type).

    E c o l o g y.— In evergreen forest. Altitude: ca. 100 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Luk it (ลูกอิฐ) (Krabi).

12. Drypetes pendula Ridl., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1923: 365. 1923; Fl. Mal. Pen. 3: 222. 1924; Corner, Gard. Bull. Str. Settl. 10: 295. 1939; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 256. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 89. 1973; Phuph. & Chayam. in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 247, fig. 60. 2005.— Cyclostemon longifolius auct. non Blume: Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 341. 1887.— Diospyros betongensis Fletcher, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1937: 382. 1937.

Tree, 5–8 m high; branches long pendant, quadrangular. Leaves: petiole 1–1.5 cm long, 3–4 mm thick; blade oblong, 30–60 by 10–25 cm, shiny, coriaceous, base broadly cuneate, rounded or slightly cordate, unequal, margin entire, apex acute or acuminate, nerves 10–30 pairs, reticulate, inconspicuous above, prominent beneath; young leaves bright red. Staminate flowers numerous in axillary fascicles, c. 12 mm wide; pedicel 5–7 mm long, glabrous; sepals 5, orbicular, concave, 4–5 by 4–5 mm, glabrous except margin ciliate; stamens c. 20, filament short, disc concave, dentate, glabrous. Pistillate flowers unknown, but according to fruits style short, stigma 2–3-fid. Fruits subglobose, 5–6.5 cm in diameter, with short stalk, shortly velutinous, orange when ripe; calyx soon deciduous. Seed laterally compressed, c. 12 by 12 mm, rugose.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Yala (Betong), Narathiwat (Nikom Waeng, Chatwarin Waterfalls.

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Malay Peninsula (type).

    E c o l o g y.— In evergreen forest. Altitude: up to 500 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Pra kham yai (ประคำใหญ่) (Narathiwat).

    U s e s.— Used for timber.

13. Drypetes perreticulata Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 260. 1924; in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 570. 1927; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 257. 1972; Phuph. & Chayam. in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 249, fig. 61. 2005.

Shrub to small tree, 2–15 m high, dioecious; bark whitish-grey; young stems and petioles with minute hooked greyish hairs, glabrescent; buds covered with several unequal scales, ciliate, pubescent outside. Stipules linear, oblanceolate or elongate-spathulate, 4–7 by 1–1.5 mm, long ciliate, outside puberulous, inside glabrous, persistent. Leaves: petioles 3–7 mm long; blade ovate to elliptic, 2.5–6.5 by 1.5–4 cm, subcoriaceous, base rounded, slightly unequal, margin remotely serrulate near the apex, apex shortly acuminate to obtuse, glabrous except for midrib on lower surface with minute hooked hairs; nerves very thin, inconspicuous, veins and veinlets coarsely reticulate, prominent on both surfaces. Flowers axillary. Staminate flowers 1–3 together; pedicel absent to up to 3 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, obovate, 4–5 by 1.5–2.5 mm, apex densely ciliate; stamens c. 24, filaments slender, 2–3 mm long, anthers linear or narrowly oblong, ca. 2 by 0.5 mm, disc flat. Pistillate flowers solitary, sessile, sepals 4 or 5; ovary ovoid, stigmas flattened, peltate. Fruits ovoid or globose, c. 2 by 1.8 cm, 1-locular, 1-seeded.

    T h a i l a n d.— SOUTH-EASTERN: Chon Buri (Ko Phai); SOUTH-WESTERN: Ratchaburi (Ko Kuram), Phetchaburi (Khao Luang, type: Pierre 19, P n.v.), Prachuap Khiri Khan (Hua Hin, Sam Roi Yot, Kui Buri).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— S. China (Hainan), Indo-China (Vietnam).

    E c o l o g y.— Locally common in dry evergreen forest, on rocky limestone hills, on slopes with beach forest. Altitude: up to 300 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Man mu (มันหมู) (Prachuap Khiri Khan).

    U s e s.— The fruits are edible.

14. Drypetes roxburghii (Wall.) Hurusawa, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 335. 1954; Phuph. & Chayam. in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 249, fig. 62. 2005.— Putranjiva roxburghii Wall., Tent. Fl. Napal.: 61. 1826; Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15(2): 443. 1866; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 366. 1877; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 336. 1887; Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 461. 1911; Steenis, Blumea 8: 515. 1957; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 3: 465. 1963; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 257. 1972.

Tree up to 15 m high, with drooping leaves, dioecious; bark thin, grey; young shoots pubescent, twigs glabrescent. Leaves distichous; petiole 0.5–1 cm long, pubescent; blade oblong, oblong-elliptic or elliptic, 4–14 by 2–5 cm subcoriaceous, glabrous, base obliquely cuneate, margin crenate or serrate, slightly undulate, apex acuminate, acute or obtuse, dark green above, light green underneath; nerves very thin, irregularly arranged, veins and veinlets reticulate. Flowers yellowish green. Staminate flowers axillary in dense clusters or clustered on a 1–3 cm long peduncle, 1-2 mm in diameter; pedicel short; sepals 4 or 5, unequal, margin ciliate; stamens 3 or 4, filaments 0–2 mm long, anther semiglobose, sparsely hairy or glabrous; disc absent. Pistillate flowers 1–4 together; pedicel short; sepals 5, lobes erect, very unequal; ovary densely hairy, contracted into the style, 2- or 3-locular; stigmas 2 or 3, recurved, subsagittate, caducous. Fruits on a 4–16 mm long pedicel, ovoid to globose, 1.5–2.7 by 0.6–2 cm, white tomentose, 1-seeded.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Chiang Dao, Fang, Hot, Mae Tun), Tak (Phumiphon Dam), Kamphaeng Phet, Nakhon Sawan; NORTH-EASTERN: Phetchabun; EASTERN: Khon Kaen, Nakhon Ratchasima (King Ban Yang, Muak Lek); SOUTH-WESTERN: Uthai Thani (Huai Kha Khaeng), Prachuap Khiri Khan (Kui Buri, Sam Roi Yot); CENTRAL: Ang Thong, Saraburi (Phu Khae); SOUTH-EASTERN: Chon Buri (Ko Khram).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— W. Himalaya to Ceylon and Burma, Indo-China (Laos, Cambodia), Java, Moluccas, Lesser Sunda Is., Papua New Guinea.

    E c o l o g y.— In evergreen forest, deciduous forest with bamboo, scrub jungle. on granite bedrock or on limestone mountains, along streams. Altitude: up to 550 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Ma ong nok (มะองนก) (Northern); mak kho (มักค้อ) (Khon Kaen); ma kham kai (มะคำไก่), ma kham di kai (มะคำดีไก่), pra kham kai (ประคำไก่) (Central).

    U s e s.— Bark and leaves used as medicine; leaves used as tea by Karens.

15. Drypetes subsessilis (Kurz) Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv: 248. 1922; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 25: 501. 1971; Kew Bull. 26: 257. 1972; Phuph. & Chayam. in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 252. 2005.— Cyclostemon subsessilis Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 364. 1877; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 342. 1887.

Tree 4–10 m high, branches slender, slightly grooved, glabrous, but inflorescences pubescent. Leaves: petiole 7–11 mm long, canaliculate; blade oblong to elliptic-oblong, 13–15.5 by 4–6 cm, coriaceous, glabrous, base rounded to cuneate, margin subentire, undulate or shallowly crenate, apex acute to acuminate, nerves 8–10 pairs, veins and veinlets laxly reticulate. Flowers clustered, axillary or above the scars of fallen leaves, small, subsessile. Staminate flowers: sepals number?, concave-orbicular, outside covered with scurfy hairs, margin ciliate; stamens 3–6; disc plicate, dentate, with short inner process embracing the base of filaments. Pistillate flowers: sepals orbicular, concave; ovary pubescent, 2- or 3-locular, stigmas 2 or 3, obtriangular. Fruits pedicel short and thick, ca. 2.5 mm long; ellipsoid, 1.5–2 cm long, obscurely 4-lobed, puberulous, orange when ripe.

    T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Inthanon, Doi Ka).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Myanmar (type).

    E c o l o g y.— In evergreen forest. Altitude: 1,290–1,400 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Mak khan san (หมักก้านสั้น) (Chiang Mai).

16. Drypetes viridis Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 35: 389. 1980; Phuph. & Chayam. in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 252, fig. 63. 2005.

Tree about 10 m high; branches terete, 2–5 mm thick, smooth, pale brown, glabrous. Stipules oblong, 1.5 mm long, minutely papillose Leaves: petiole 8–11 mm long, 1–2 mm thick, glabrous or papillose-puberulous; blade broadly elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 14–20 by 5–8.5 cm, chartaceous, glabrous, smooth, greenish when dry, base broadly cuneate to nearly rounded, slightly unequal, margin subentire or crenulate, apex acuminate (1–1.5 cm long), tip obtuse, middrib slender, prominent on lower surface, nerves slender, 6–8-pairs, curved, prominent on lower surface, inconspicuous on upper surface, veins and veinlets laxly reticulate, prominent on lower surface. Staminate flowers axillary, numerous; pedicel 3–7 mm long, densely puberulous; sepals 4, suborbicular, densely fulvous-puberulous, 2 outer ones 3–4 mm in diameter, the inner 2 smaller; stamens ca. 20, divided into 4 groups, filament short, anther shortly oblong, apex subtruncate; disc central. Pistillate flowers unknown. Fruits with pedicel 5 mm long; depressed-globose, c. 2 by 2.5 cm, smooth or slightly rugose, green, fulvous-farinaceous, style caducous.

    T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Narathiwat (Sungai Kolok, Nikhom Waeng, type: K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen 32674, AAU).

    D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Malaysia (N. Kelantan).

    E c o l o g y.— In evergreen forest. Altitude: 300–500 m.

    V e r n a c u l a r.— Mak muang waeng (หมักเมืองแว้ง) (Narathiwat).