Flora of Thailand
Euphorbiaceae
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R.M.A.P. Haegens & P.C. van Welzen
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Lour., Fl. Cochinch.: 661. 1790; Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 5: 367. 1887; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv: 45. 1922) 45; Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 547. 1927; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 219. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 63. 1973; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 43. 1975; G.L.Webster, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 51. 1994; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. 12: 81. 2000; Haegens & Welzen in Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28: 68. 2000; Radcl.-Sm., Gen. Euphorbiacearum: 62. 2001; Haegens & Welzen in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 107. 2005; G.L.Webster in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 11: 86. 2014.— Pierardia Roxb. ex Jack, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 14: 119. 1823.— Adenocrepis Blume, Bijdr.: 579. 1825.— Microsepala Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste bijv.: 444. 1861.— Calyptroon Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste bijv.: 471. 1861.— Everettiodendron Merr., Philip. J. Sci. 4: 279. 1909.— Gatnaia Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 870. 1924.
Shrubs to trees, dioecious, candelabriform branching strong or weak. Indumentum of simple and often also of stellate hairs. Stipules caducous, mainly triangular. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole mainly only apically pulvinate; blade symmetric, papery to coriaceous, base cordate to attenuate; margin entire, marginal glands present; apex usually round to cuspidate, upper surface glabrous except often for midrib, lower surface glabrous to densely hairy, disc-like glands sometimes present, nerves pinnate, veins usually ± scalariform. Inflorescences axillary to cauliflorous, usually raceme-like thyrses, 1 to many together. Flowers actinomorphic, usually pedicelled, sepals imbricate, petals and disc sometimes rudimentary, usually absent. Staminate inflorescences not to distinctly branched, usually 3 flowers per bract. Staminate flowers: sepals (3)4 or 5(-8), ± free; stamens 3-10, free, shorter than sepals; staminodes (or disc glands) sometimes 3-8; pistillode usually present. Pistillate inflorescences not branched; bracts inserted on rachis to usually along pedicel, 1 or 3 per flower. Pistillate flowers: sepals 4-6; ovary 2-4-locular, ovules 2 per locule; stigmas complete to divided into 2 lobes. Fruits berries to late dehiscing fleshy capsules. Seeds ± ellipsoid, usually laterally flattened, enclosed by fleshy and usually edible arillode.
Fourty eight species ranging from India to S.E. Asia Mainland, throughout Malesia to West Pacific.; 12 species in Thailand, all, except three, only present in the Peninsular part. Classification: Subfam. Phyllanthoideae, tribe Antidesmeae, subtribe Scepinae.
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1a. |
Leaves glabrous except for some very small stellate hairs on lower surface (use high magnification lens, check basal and upper part of midrib on lower side, especially with young leaves); drying beautifully deep chestnut-brown. |
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1b. |
Leaves glabrous or hairy below, with or without stellate hairs (long, stellately bundled simple hairs); drying in various colours, also brown, but not the deep chestnut-brown. |
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2a. |
Staminate flowers scattered along rachis. Fruits 35-73 mm in diameter, yellow to brown. Stipules triangular. Stigmas cleft in 2 lobes. |
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2b. |
Staminate flowers in top of rachis. Fruits 9-15 mm in diameter, usually green. Stipules triangular to leaf-shaped. Stigmas not cleft. |
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3a. |
(Most) leaves ovate, with black disc-like glands along midrib on lower surface or black dots spread over lower leaf surface, also glands along margin (check several leaves). |
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3b. |
Leaves elliptic to obovate, lower surface without black glands on lower surface or only glands along margin. |
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4a. |
Candelabriform branching pattern weak. Stellate hairs present next to simple ones (difficult to see), on black dots on lower leaf surface (dots visible with naked eye). Sepals of more or less equal size. Staminate flowers caducous when opening, pedicelled. Fruits glabrescent outside, (sub)glabrous inside. |
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4b. |
Candelabriform branching pattern obvious. Only simple hairs present. Leaf blades with black glandular areas along midrib beneath, black dots absent. Sepals all of different size. Staminate flowers not caducous, sessile. Fruits densely hairy outside and inside. |
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5a. |
Plants more or less densely hairy, at least branchlets, petioles and lower surface of leaves hairy. |
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5b. |
Plants giving a glabrous impression, branchlets, petioles and lower surface not all hairy together, some at most somewhat hairy. |
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6a. |
Fruits indehiscent berries, 22-45 mm high when dry. Leaves basally narrowly heart-shaped. |
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6b. |
Fruits dehiscent capsules or indiscent berries, latter up to 20 mm high. Leaves basally broadly cordate to rounded to cuneate or attenuate, never narrowly heart-shaped. |
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7a. |
Young branchlets scaly (candelabriform branching strong). Leaves basally cuneate (to rounded). Stipules 8-16 mm long. Staminate bracts 1.5-6 mm long. Pistillate sepals 4, 5.6-6.5 mm long. Fruits usually indehiscent berries or tardily splitting capsules. |
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7b. |
Young branchlets smooth (candelabriform branching weak). Leaves basally round to cordate (to attenuate). Stipules 2.2-10 mm long. Staminate bracts 0.2-1.3 mm long. Pistillate sepals 4 or 5, 0.5-5.9 mm long. Fruits dehiscing capsules. |
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8a. |
Leaves greenish grey (or greenish brown) when dry, (sub)glabrous. Inflorescences glabrous. |
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8b. |
Leaves brown when dry, somewhat hairy to glabrous. Inflorescences hairy. |
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9a. |
Staminate flowers crowded in inflorescence apex. Pistillate flowers geniculate (90 ° ) with petiole. |
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9b. |
Staminate flowers along inflorescence. Pistillate flowers straight on petiole. |
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10a. |
Staminate bracts (1.5-)3-4.5 mm long; bracteoles absent. Fruits indehiscent berries, globose to ovoid (pear-shaped). Pistillate inflorescences up to 10 cm long; flowers yellowish. |
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10b. |
Staminate bracts up to 1.6 mm long; bracteoles present. Fruits indehiscent berries, then with fusiform shape; or fruits with loculicidally dehiscing outer wall, these (sub)globose. Pistillate inflorescences up to 28 cm long, flowers white, greenish yellow, yellow or red. |
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11a. |
Flowers yellow to white. Staminate inflorescences 3-10 cm long; staminate pedicel 0.4-3 mm long. Pistillate pedicels 1-2.9(-6.7) mm long. Fruits (sub)globose, not winged, outer wall loculicidally dehiscent. |
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11b. |
Flowers yellow or white to red. Staminate inflorescences 4-28 cm long; staminate pedicel 0.4-6 mm long. Pistillate pedicel 1.5-6(-9) mm long. Fruits fusiform, usually 6-winged, indehiscent. |
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12a. |
Inflorescences cauliflorous on basal part of trunk. Flowers yellowish to red. |
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12b. |
Inflorescences cauliflorous to axillary. Flowers red. |
1. Baccaurea bracteata Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 466. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 5: 372. 1887; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 219. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 76. 1973; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 46. 1975; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. 12: 99, fig. 3.6, map 3.3. 2000; Haegens & Welzen in Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28: 69. 2000; in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 109; plate IV: 1. 2005.— Baccaurea crassifolia J.J.Sm., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 3, 1: 394. 1920.
Trees up to 25 m high, candelabriform branching pattern weak, usually hairy. Indumentum of simple and stellate hairs on black dots. Stipules triangular, 2-6 by 1-2.5 mm. Leaves: petiole 8-65(-87) mm long; blade ovate (to obovate), 3.5-21 by 1.7-9.8 cm, length/width ratio 1.4-3.4, papery to sub-leathery, base truncate to attenuate, lower surface with black disc-like glands, nerves 3-8 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary to just below the leaves, 1-3 together, up to 16 cm long; bracts 2-6 mm, bracteoles present. Staminate flowers 1.5-2.9 mm in diameter, caducous at moment of opening; pedicel 0.3-1.2 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, 1-2.2 by 0.6-1.5 mm, white to yellow to green to pink to red to brown; stamens 4 or 5, 0.25-0.5 mm long, filaments 0.05-0.3 mm long, straight, anthers 0.1-0.25 by 0.15-0.2 mm. Pistillate inflorescences axillary to just below the leaves, single, up to 6.5 cm long. Pistillate flowers 4-12 mm in diameter, yellowish to greenish to (red)brown; pedicel 1-5 mm long; sepals 4 or 5(6), ovate to elliptic, 3.5-11 by 0.9-3.5 mm; staminodes exceptionally present; ovary 2- or 3-locular; style 0-1.6 by 0.5-1 mm; stigmas 0.9-2.5 mm long, cleft for upper 70-90 %. Fruits globose to pyramidal, fleshy capsules, 19-25 mm in diameter when fresh, 10.5-23 by 14-25 by 14-25 mm when dry, red to orange-brown-green, only partly loculicidally dehiscent, subglabrous to densely hairy outside, (sub)glabrous inside. Seeds (6.2-)7-10 by (4-)4.5-6.5 by 3-4.8 mm; arillode (orange) yellow
T h a i l a n d.— EASTERN: Ubon Ratchathani (Chae Waterfall); PENINSULAR: Surat Thani (Khao Pu Thong, Ko Samui), Narathiwat (Kok Dan, Sirinthorn, Sungi Padi, To Deang, Waeng).
D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra, Borneo.
E c o l o g y.— Primary, secondary forest, freshwater swamp, peat swamp, heath swamp, kerangas, exceptionally in mangrove forest; soil: usually white sand. Altitude: 0-40(-900) m.
V e r n a c u l a r.— Khwan khao (ขวัญข้ัาว) (Trang); ramai pa (ระำไมป่า), kho laen (คอแูลน) (Narathiwat); kho raeng (คอแรง), la fai pa (ละไฟป่า), ma fai ling (มะไฟลิง) (Peninsular); tue-ro-bae-wo (ตือเราะแบเวาะ) (Malay-Narathiwat).
U s e s.— Aril and fruit wall edible, sour. In Sarawak and Sabah wood used for building.
2. Baccaurea brevipes Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 5: 372. 1887; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 66. 1973; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 47. 1975; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. 12: 102, map 3.4. 2000; Haegens & Welzen in Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28: 69. 2000; in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 109, plate IV: 2. 2005.
Trees up to 10 m high, candelabriform branching pattern strong, densely hairy when young. Indumentum of simple hairs. Stipules 8-16 by 2-5 mm. Leaves: petiole 11-50 mm long; blade elliptic to obovate, 15-35 by 6.2-14.4 cm, length/width ratio 1.9-3, papery, base cuneate to round, lower surface without disc-like glands, nerves 11-15 per side. Staminate inflorescences ramiflorous to just below the leaves (to axillary), 1-8 together, up to 17.5 cm long; bracts 1.5-6 mm long, bracteoles usually present. Staminate flowers 1.5-3 mm in diameter, yellowish green; pedicel 1.7-2.2 mm long; sepals 3-6, obovate or different in shape, 0.5-2 by 0.5-1.4 mm; stamens 5, 0.5-1 mm long; filaments 0.3-0.9 mm long, geniculate; anthers 0.1-0.2 by 0.1-0.2 mm. Pistillate inflorescences cauliflorous (to ramiflorous to axillary), 1-3 together, up to 22.5 cm long. Pistillate flowers 5-7 mm in diameter; pedicel 0-4.5 mm long; sepals 4, obovate to elliptic, 5.6-6.5 by 1.5-3.5 mm; ovary 2- or 3-loculate; style c. 0.2 by 1 mm wide; stigmas c. 1 mm long. Fruits globose, fleshy capsules to berries, 14-20 by 10-18.5 by 10-17 mm, white to red to pink, not dehiscing to exceptionally splitting, glabrous to densely hairy outside, glabrous inside. Seeds 8-13 by 6-8 by 3.1-5 mm; arillode blue to violet to exceptionally red.
T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Trang (Khao Chong, Khao Phap Pha), Satun (Kuan Kalong), Songkhla (Boriphat Falls, Ko Hong Hill), Pattani (To Mo), Narathiwat (Banang Sta, Khao Nakharat, Khao Sam Nuk, Khao Chana, Waeng).
D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra, N.W. Borneo.
E c o l o g y.— Primary and secondary forest, seasonal swamp forest; soil: sand, clay, granite. Altitude: 20-700 m.
V e r n a c u l a r.— Fai tao (ไฟเต่า), la fai pa (ละไฟป่า), ma fai (มะไฟ), mayom pa (มะยมป่า) (Peninsular).
U s e s.— Locally grown for its edible fruits.
N o t e.— Airy Shaw (Kew Bull. 26: 221. 1972) refers to this species as B. velutina (Ridl.) Ridl.
3. Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 457. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 5: 368. 1887; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1: 454. 1963; Airy Shaw, Kew. Bull. 26: 220. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 65. 1973; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 49. 1975; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. 12: 119, fig. 3.10, map 3.13, photo 2, 3. 2000; Haegens & Welzen in Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28: 70. 2000; in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 110. 2005.— Hedycarpus lanceolatus Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1, 2: 359. 1859.— Pierardia pyrrhodasya Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste bijv.: 441. 1861.— Adenocrepis lanceolatus (Miq.) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 82. 1863.— Baccaurea pyrrhodasya (Miq.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 462. 1866.— Baccaurea glabriflora Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv: 59. 1922.
Trees up to 30 m high; candelabriform branching pattern usually weak; branchlets (sub)glabrous. Indumentum of simple hairs. Stipules (3-)5-16 by 2-6 mm. Leaves: petiole 16-184 mm long; blade elliptic to obovate, 9.2-45 by 3.7-26.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.7-3.4, papery, greenish grey (to greenish brown) when dry, base attenuate to round, lower surface without disc-like glands, nerves 6-13 per side. Staminate inflorescences cauliflorous, many together, up to18 cm long; bracts 0.4-1.5 mm long, bracteoles present. Staminate flowers 2-7 mm in diameter, yellow to pink to purple to cream-white; pedicel 1.8-7 mm long; sepals (3)4 or 5, obovate to spathulate, often variable in size and shape, 1.1-5.5 by 0.6-2.7 mm; petals often 3-5, rudimentary; staminodes 3-5; stamens (3)4 or 5, 0.4-0.6 mm long, filaments 0.1-0.3 mm long, straight; anthers 0.2-0.35 by 0.2-0.4 mm. Pistillate inflorescences cauliflorous, few together, up to 33(-50) cm long. Pistillate flowers 3.5-10 mm in diameter, yellow to orange to purple to reddish cream to whitish; pedicel 0.8-4.5 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate to obovate, 1-6 by 0.9-3.2 mm; petals 2-8, reduced; ovary 3- or 4-locular; style absent; stigmas 0.7-1 mm long, cleft for upper 10-90 %. Fruits globose to ellipsoid berries, c. 38 by 60 mm when fresh, 24-54 by 16.5-41 by 16.5-41 mm when dry, green to yellow to whitish to greyish to brownish, glabrous outside and inside. Seeds 12.2-26 by 8-15 by 4.8-9 mm; arillode white to grey, translucent.
T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Nakhon Si Thammarat, Trang (Khao Chong), Pattani (Banang Sta, Khao Kalakiri), Narathiwat (Nikom Waeng).
D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, N. Java (type), Borneo, Palawan.
E c o l o g y.— Primary and secondary forest, riverine forest, on slopes; soil: sandy clay to loam. Altitude: 0-1300 m.
V e r n a c u l a r.— Mafai ri (มะไฟรี) (Trang); som huk (ส้มหุก), som lok (ส้มโหลก) (Nakhon Si Thammarat).
U s e s.— In bamboo pounded leaves drunk with water are used against stomach ache. Fruit wall and arillode edible but sour and, therefore, eaten with sugar or salt, nice with chicken rice. Occasionally cultivated.
4. Baccaurea macrocarpa (Miq.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 457. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 5: 375. 1887; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 50; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. 12: 121, fig. 3.11, map 3.14, photo 4. 2000; Haegens & Welzen in Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28: 70. 2000; in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 111. 2005.— Pierardia macrocarpa Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste bijv.: 441. 1861.— Mappa borneensis Müll.Arg., Flora 47: 468. 1864.— Baccaurea borneensis (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 460. 1866.— Baccaurea griffithii Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 5: 371. 1887.
Trees up to 27 m high, candelabriform branching pattern weak, branchlets glabrous. Indumentum of small stellate and simple hairs. Stipules 2-9 by 1-5 mm. Leaves: petiole (10-)22-145 mm long; blade (ovate to) elliptic (to obovate), (7.2-)9-37 by 3.1-17.5 cm, length/width ratio (1.1-)1.6-2.8(-3.5), leathery to papery, base attenuate to cuneate (to round), lower surface mostly scarcely hairy on midrib and nerves, disc-like glands present, nerves 6-10(-13) per side. Staminate inflorescences (axillary to) ramiflorous to cauliflorous, 1 to few together, up to13 cm long; bracts 1-3 mm long, bracteoles usually present. Staminate flowers 0.7-2 mm in diameter, green to yellow to white; pedicel 1-2 mm; sepals 5, elliptic, 0.7-1.5 by 0.4-0.7 mm; stamens 5(6), 0.1-0.25 mm long, filaments 0.1-0.2 mm long, straight, anthers c. 0.1 by 0.15 mm. Pistillate inflorescences ramiflorous to cauliflorous, 1-3 together, up to 18 cm long. Pistillate flowers 2-4.5 mm in diameter; pedicel 3-7.5 mm long; sepals 4-6, ovate, 1.5-2.8 by 1-1.3 mm; ovary 3- or 4-locular; style 0.5-1.5 by c. 1 mm wide; stigmas 0.5-1 mm long, cleft. Fruits (sub)globose, fleshy capsules, up to 80 mm in diameter when fresh, 30-65 by 34-75 by 34-75 mm when dry, brown to yellow to orange to dull red to dark green, loculicidally (and septicidally) dehiscent, (sub)glabrous outside, subglabrous to densely hairy inside. Seeds 13-23 by 11-18.5 by 4-7 mm; arillode white to yellow (to orange).
T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Narathiwat (Waeng).
D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (type), Borneo, (Ambon, Irian Jaya).
E c o l o g y.— Primary rainforest, riverine forest, swamp forest, exceptionally in secondary forest; soil: granitic sand, sandy clay, red clay. Altitude: 0-1600 m.
V e r n a c u l a r.— Lang khae (ลังแข) (Peninsular).
U s e s.— Arillode edible, sweet to sour. Often cultivated. Fruits sold in the market.
5. Baccaurea macrophylla (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 460. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 5: 369. 1887; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 220. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 66. 1973; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 51. 1975; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. 12: 124, map 3.15. 2000; Haegens & Welzen in Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28: 71. 2000; in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 112. 2005.— Pierardia macrophylla Müll.Arg., Flora 47: 516. 1864.— Baccaurea beccariana Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv: 62. 1922.
Trees up to 27 m high, candelabriform branching pattern weak, branchlets (sub)glabrous. Indumentum of stellate hairs. Stipules often leaf-shaped, 2-11 by 3-11.5 mm. Leaves: petiole 30-88 mm long; blade (ovate to) elliptic (to obovate), 9.6-33 by 4.5-14.4 cm, length/width ratio 1.9-2.3(-2.9), papery, base round to cuneate, lower surface (sub)glabrous, disc-like glands present, nerves 6-13 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary to ramiflorous, 1 to few clustered together, up to 8.6 cm long; bracts 1.5-2.5 mm long, bracteoles present. Staminate flowers 0.7-1.5 mm in diameter, green to yellow; pedicel 0-0.7 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, 0.4-0.9 by 0.4-0.6 mm; staminodes 0-4; stamens 4 or 5, 0.2-0.7 mm long, filaments 0.1-0.7 mm long, straight, anthers 0.1-0.2 by 0.2-0.3 mm. Pistillate inflorescences ramiflorous, few together, up to 25 cm long. Pistillate flowers 2-4 mm in diameter, green; pedicel 2-5 mm long, upper part geniculate (90 ° bent); sepals 4, lanceolate, c. 1.5 by 1-1.5 mm; ovary (2)3-locular; stigmas sessile, c. 0.7 mm long, not lobed. Fruits globose, fleshy capsules, 10-16 by 9.5-15 by 9.5-15 mm, usually green to sometimes light yellow to whitish violet to reddish to brown, loculicidally dehiscent to irregularly splitting, (sub)glabrous outside, glabrous to densely hairy inside. Seeds 8-12.5 by 7.5-11 by 2-4 mm; arillode translucent.
T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Pattani (To Mo).
D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra, Borneo, Molluccas.
E c o l o g y.— Primary and secondary rainforest, peat swamp forest. Altitude: 0-650 m.
V e r n a c u l a r.— Lam khae (ลำแข), lang khae (ลังแข), ma khae (มะแข) (Pattani).
U s e s.— Arillode edible, sweet to sour.
6. Baccaurea minor Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 5: 370. 1887; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 16: 342. 1963; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 66. 1973; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 51. 1975; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. 12: 129, fig. 3.13, map 3.18. 2000; Haegens & Welzen in Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28: 71. 2000; in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 112. 2005.— Aporosa billitonensis Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv: 97. 1922.— Baccaurea pendula Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15: 152. 1929.
Trees up to 35 m high, candelabriform branching pattern strong, branchlets subglabrous. Indumentum of simple hairs. Stipules 1-4 by 0.7-1.5 mm. Leaves: petiole 7-35 mm long; blade ovate (to obovate), 3.5-16.3 by 1.6-8.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.5-3.2(-4.2), papery, base (rounded to) cuneate to attenuate, lower surface usually with disc-like glands, nerves 4-8 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary to just below the leaves, 1-3 together, up to 5 cm long; bracts c. 4.5 mm long, bracteoles present. Staminate flowers 0.8-2 mm in diameter, clustered at top of branchlets, greenish yellow to yellow, exceptionally flushed pink; pedicel absent; sepals 4 (5), each with a different shape, 0.3-1 by 0.3-1 mm; stamens 4(5), 0.2-1 mm long, filaments 0.2-1 mm long, straight, anthers 0.1-0.2 by 0.1-0.2 mm. Pistillate inflorescences ramiflorous, 1-4 together, up to 28 cm long. Pistillate flowers 3-8 mm in diameter, green; pedicel 2-2.5 mm long; sepals 4, ovate to obovate, each with a different size and shape, 2.2-4.5 by 1-2.2 mm; staminodes exceptionally present; ovary 3-locular; style 0-3 mm long; stigmas 0.8-1.4 mm long, apically lobed up to the base. Fruits globose, fleshy capsules, 8-14 by 10-15 by 10-15 mm, orange to ochre, dehiscing septicidally and loculicidally, densely hairy outside, velutinous inside. Seeds 5.9-9.5 by 5.4-8.3 by 0.1-0.3 mm; arillode dull, yellow to orange.
T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Narathiwat (Bala-Hala).
D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra, Borneo.
E c o l o g y.— Primary, old secondary, and bamboo forest, on ridges or slopes; soil: granite, yellow sand or yellow sandy loam. Altitude: 0-1200 m.
V e r n a c u l a r.— Champu ning (จำปูนิง) (Peninsular).
U s e s.— Arillode edible, sour-bitter. Wood used in house construction.
7. Baccaurea motleyana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 461. 1866; Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 5: 371. 1887; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1: 454. 1963; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 220. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 66. 1973; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 52. 1975; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. 12: 134, fig. 3.15, map 3.20, photo 5, 6. 2000; Haegens & Welzen in Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28: 71. 2000; in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 113. 2005.— Pierardia motleyana Müll.Arg., Flora 47: 516. 1864.— Baccaurea pubescens Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv: 61. 1922.
Trees up to 20 m high, candelabriform branching pattern weak, branchlets densely hairy. Indumentum of simple hairs. Stipules 5-10 by 1.5-3.5 mm. Leaves: petiole 23-84 mm long; blade elliptic to obovate, 13.5-37 by 5.2-15 cm, length/width ratio 1.9-2.5, papery: base round to usually narrowly cordate, lower surface hairy, without disc-like, nerves 10-17 per side. Staminate inflorescences cauliflorous to axillary, 1-5 together, up to 24 cm long; bracts 1-2.5 mm long; bracteoles bract-like. Staminate flowers 2-3 mm in diameter, green to yellow; pedicel 1.6-2.3 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, 0.7-1.4 by 0.5-1.4 mm; stamens 5-10, 0.4-0.6 mm long, filaments 0.4-0.6 mm long, geniculate to straight, anthers c. 0.1 by 0.2 mm. Pistillate inflorescences ramiflorous to cauliflorous, 1-5 together, up to 42 cm long. Pistillate flowers 4-10 mm in diameter, green to yellow; pedicel 2-5.5 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, 4-8 by 1.5-3.5 mm; ovary 3-locular; style 0-0.4 by 0.8-1.2 mm wide; stigmas 0.5-1 mm long. Fruits globose to ellipsoid berries, 22-45 by 15-25 by c. 25 mm, greenish yellow to white, glabrous to densely hairy outside, glabrous inside. Seeds 13-20 by 9-14.5 by 2.5-4 mm; arillode translucent white to exceptionally purple.
T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Phangnga, Songkhla (Ban Pien), Pattani (Sai Khao Waterfall), Narathiwat (Tak Bai).
D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo (type), Moluccas (Halmahera).
E c o l o g y.— Primary and secondary rainforest, exceptionally riverine forest, often cultivated; soil: yellow clay, sand or limestone. Altitude: 15-500 m.
V e r n a c u l a r.— Mafai farang (มะไฟฝรั่ง) (Bangkok); lam khae (ลำแข), rama (ระมะ) (Pattani); la mai (ละไม) (Peninsular); ra-ma (ระมะ), ra-mai (ระไม), ram-bai (รำไบ), ram-be (รำเบ) (Malay-Peninsular); ra-ma-ti-ku (รามาติ๊กุ๊) (Malay-Narathiwat).
U s e s.— Locally grown for its edible fruits; arillode edible, sour to sweet. Squeezed inner bark used for sore eyes.
8. Baccaurea parviflora (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 462. 1866; Kurz, Fl. Burm. 2: 357. 1877; Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 5: 368. 1887; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 220. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 64. 1973; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 52. 1975; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. 12: 152, fig. 3.18, map 3.26. 2000; Haegens & Welzen in Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28: 72. 2000; in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 113, fig. 24a-f. 2005.— Pierardia dasystachya Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1, 2: 358. 1859.— Pierardia parviflora Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32: 82. 1863.— Baccaurea dasystachya (Miq.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 458. 1866.— Baccaurea affinis Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 459. 1866.— Baccaurea scortechinii Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 5: 368. 1887.— Baccaurea singaporica Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv: 54. 1922.— Baccaurea rostrata Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15: 150. 1929.
Shrubs to trees, up to 15 m high, candelabriform branching pattern strong, branchlets glabrous. Indumentum of simple hairs. Stipules usually 2.5-7 by 1.5-2.5 mm. Leaves: petiole 4-55 mm long; blade elliptic to obovate, 5-23 by 2-9.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.6-3.7, papery, base attenuate to cuneate, lower surface without disc-like glands, nerves (3-)5-10 per side. Staminate inflorescences cauliflorous, at base of trunk, many together, up to 28 cm long; bracts 0.3-1.6 mm long, bracteoles present. Staminate flowers 1-5 mm in diameter; pedicel 0.4-6 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, obovate, each with a different size and shape, 0.5-3 by 0.5-1.2 mm, maroon to yellow outside, cream to yellow inside, whitish outside; stamens 5-7, 0.5-0.9 mm long, filaments 0.4-0.8 mm long, straight, anthers 0.2-0.3 by 0.1-0.2 mm. Pistillate inflorescences cauliflorous, at base of trunk, many together, up to 28 cm long. Pistillate flowers 5-7.5 mm in diameter; pedicel 2-6(-9) mm long; sepals 4 or 5, narrowly elliptic to obovate, 2.7-8 by 0.9-2 mm, white to yellow to usually red; ovary with or without 6 wings, (2)3(4)-locular; style 0-2 by c. 1 mm; stigmas 0.1-1.5 mm long, cleft apically only or up to base. Fruits fusiform berries, often with 4-6 narrow longitudinal wings, 16-32 by 7-15 mm, dull red to maroon turning purple to black, (sub)glabrous outside, glabrous inside. Seeds 9-16 by 4-8 by 1-5 mm; arillode red to purple to white.
T h a i l a n d.— SOUTH-WESTERN: Uthai Thani (Huay Kha Khaeng); PENINSULAR: Chumphon (Ta Ngaw), Ranong (Klong Nakha, Khlong Nang Yon, Kraburi, Muang Len), Phangnga (Khao Phra Mi), Krabi (Khao Pra, Ko Lanta Yai), Nakhon Si Thammarat, Trang (Khao Chong, Ko Talibong), Satun, Songkhla (Khao Nam Kang, Kho Hong Hill), Pattani (Bukit), Narathiwat (Nikom Waeng).
D i s t r i b u t i o n.— India (type), Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.
E c o l o g y.— Primary and secondary evergreen forest, riverine forest, dipterocarp forest with much bamboo, gingers, and Donax grandis in undergrowth; on steep hillsides to dry parts of swamps; soil: sandstone to white sandy soil. Altitude: 0-1250 m.
V e r n a c u l a r.— Ma fai tao (มะไฟเต่า) (Satun); som fai din (ส้มไฟดิน), som fai pa (ส้มไฟป่า) (Nakhon Si Thammarat); ma fai ka (มะไฟกา) (Peninsular); Chinese lantern tree (English).
U s e s.— Fruit wall and arillode edible, sour-sweet. Wood used as box-wood.
9. Baccaurea polyneura Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 5: 369. 1887; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 67. 1973; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 36: 265. 1981; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. 12: 159, map 3.28. 2000; Haegens & Welzen in Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28: 72. 2000; in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 114. 2005.— Baccaurea kunstleri King ex Gage, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 9, 2: 230. 1922; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 219. 1972.— Baccaurea hookeri Gage, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 9: 232. 1922.— Baccaurea cordata Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15: 147. 1929.
Trees up to 30 m high, candelabriform branching pattern weak, branchlets velutinous. Indumentum of simple and stellate hairs. Stipules 2.2-10 by 0.5-2 mm. Leaves: petiole 7-78 mm long; blade ovate to elliptic, 5.5-21.5 by 3.1-12.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.4-2.7, papery to slightly leathery, base round to cordate (to attenuate), lower surface without disc-like glands, nerves 7-14 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary to just below the leaves (to ramiflorous), 1-5 together, up to 7 cm long; bracts 0.2-1.3 mm long, bracteoles usually present. Staminate flowers 1.1-3.3 mm in diameter, green to yellow to greenish-white; pedicel 0-0.5 mm long; sepals 4-6, ovate, 0.7-1.5 by 0.5-1.5 mm; stamens 4-8, 0.3-0.7 mm long, filaments 0.2-0.6 mm long, geniculate to straight, anthers c. 0.1 by 0.2-0.3 mm. Pistillate inflorescences axillary to ramiflorous, 1-3 together, up to 34.5 cm long. Pistillate flowers 2.5-6.5 mm in diameter; pedicel 2-5.8 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, 0.5-5.9 by 0.3-3.5 mm, ochre; ovary 3-locular; style 0.1-0.2 by 0.5-0.8 mm; stigmas 0.6-0.9 mm long, cleft for upper 60-90 %. Fruits globose to subglobose, fleshy capsules, 10-26 by 12-26 by 12-26 mm, loculicidally dehiscent, yellow to orange, scarcely hairy to velutinous outside and inside. Seeds 7.8-11 by 5-9.8 by 2-5 mm; arillode red; testa orange.
T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Surat Thani (Pachang), Phangnga (Kao Nanghong), Krabi (Kao Phanom), Nakhon Si Thammarat (Gahrome waterfalls, Khao Luang, Yong Waterfalls, Wat Khiriwong), Trang (Khao Chong), Satun (Klong Ton).
D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Thailand, Malay Peninsula (type), Sumatra, Borneo.
E c o l o g y.— Primary and secondary forest, swamp forest; soil: sand, clay, loam, granite. Altitude: 20-600 m.
V e r n a c u l a r.— Chang rai (จังไหร) (Trang); ka cham pu ling (กะจำปูลิง) (Trang, Yala); cham rai (จำไหร) (Nakhon Si Thammarat); cham ri (จำรี) (Pattani); mafai ling (มะไฟลิง) (Narathiwat); lam yai khao (ลำไยเขา) (Peninsular).
U s e s.— Arillode edible, sweet to sour.
10. Baccaurea ptychopyxis Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 21: 354. 1968; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. 12: 161,map 3.29. 2000; Haegens & Welzen in Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28: 73. 2000; in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 116. 2005.
Shrubs to trees up to 9 m high, candelabriform branching pattern strong, branchlets (sub)glabrous. Indumentum of simple hairs. Stipules 4.3-6.5 by 1.7-3 mm. Leaves: petiole 9-46 mm long; blade (ovate to) elliptic to obovate, 7.4-20 by 3.3-7.8 cm, length/width ratio 1.6-2.8, papery, base attenuate to cuneate, lower surface without disc-like glands, nerves 6-8 per side. Staminate inflorescences cauliflorous to axillary, single, up to 15 cm long; bracts 0.3-1.6 mm long, bracteoles minute. Staminate flowers 2.6-3.1 mm in diameter, red; pedicel 1.4-2.6 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, obovate, 0.5-3 by 0.5-1.2 mm; stamens 5-7, 0.5-0.9 mm long, filamens 0.4-0.9 mm long, anthers 0.2-0.3 by 0.1-0.2 mm. Pistillate inflorescences cauliflorous to ramiflorous, many clustered together, up to 36 cm long. Pistillate flowers 4.2-9 mm in diameter, reddish; pedicel 1.5-5 mm long; sepals 5, elliptic to obovate, 4-9 by 1-2 mm; ovary 3-locular, 6-winged; style c. 1 by 1 mm; stigmas c. 1.2 mm long, cleft for upper 80 %. Fruits fusiform berries, 17-20.3 by 7.2-11 by 7.2-11.6 mm, rugose between narrow wings.
T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Chumphon (Thasan), Ranong (Kkao Num Kao, Kra Buri), Surat Thani (Khian Sa, Pa-Kiampoa), Nakhon Si Thammarat (Khao Khaichang), Phatthalung (Chong, Klong Hin Kao), Trang (Khao Chong), Satun (Kuan Kalong).
D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Bangladesh, Myanmar (type), Thailand.
E c o l o g y.— Evergreen and swamp forest. Altitude: 1-200 m.
V e r n a c u l a r.— Fai tao (ไฟเต่า), ma fai ka (มะไฟกา), som fai din (ส้มไฟดิน) (Peninsular).
11. Baccaurea racemosa (Reinw. ex Blume) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 461. 1866; Back. & Bakh.f, Fl. Java 1: 454. 1963; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 64. 1973; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 53. 1975; Lemmens et al., Prosea 3: 16. 1991; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. 12: 169, fig. 3.22, map 3.33. 2000; Haegens & Welzen in Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28: 73. 2000; in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 117. 2005.— Coccomelia racemosa Reinw. ex Blume, Cat.: 110. 1823.— Pierardia racemosa (Reinw. ex Blume) Blume, Bijdr.: 579. 1825.— Pierardia racemosa (Reinw. ex Blume) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1. 2: 358. 1859.— Baccaurea wallichii Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 5: 375. 1887.— Baccaurea bhaswatii Chakrab. & M.Gangop., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 18: 420. 1994.
Trees up to 15(-20) m high, candelabriform branching pattern strong, branchlets (sub)glabrous. Indumentum of simple hairs. Stipules usually 3-7.5 by 1-1.5 mm. Leaves: petiole 12-77 mm long; blade (ovate to) elliptic to obovate, 5.8-22 by 2.3-18.8 cm, length/width ratio 2.2-4.6, papery, base cuneate, lower surface without disc-like glands, nerves 4-10 per side. Staminate inflorescences cauliflorous to just below the leaves, 1-5 together, up to 10 cm long; bracts 0.2-1.1 mm long, bracteoles minute. Staminate flowers 1-3 mm in diameter, creamy yellow to white; pedicel 0.4-2.5 mm long; sepals 4(5), ovate to obovate, 0.9-1.8 by 0.7-1.5 mm; stamens 5-7, 0.5-0.8 mm long, filaments 0.4-0.6 mm long, straight, anthers c. 0.15 by 0.2-0.25 mm. Pistillate inflorescences cauliflorous to axillary, single (to few together), up to 28 cm long. Pistillate flowers 3-9.2 mm in diameter, greenish yellow; pedicel 1-2.9(-6.7) mm long; sepals 4(5), obovate to lanceolate, 2-6 by 1-2.7 mm, indumentum of silvery hairs when dry; ovary (2)3(4)-locular; style 0.2-0.4 by c. 1 mm; stigmas c. 0.3 mm long, not lobed. Fruits (sub)globose berries or fleshy capsules, 14-30 by 16-25 by 16-25 mm, yellow to orange (to pink to red), outer fruit-wall loculicidally dehiscing, inner fruit wall indehiscent, glabrous to scarcely hairy outside, glabrous inside. Seeds 9-11.5 by 6.5-9.2 by 2.5-6 mm; arillode blue to purple to violet.
T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Trang (Khao Chang), Narathiwat (Nikom Waeng).
D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java (type), Bali, Borneo, Sulawesi.
E c o l o g y.— Primary and secondary rainforest, riverine forest, fresh water swamp forest; soil: yellow or red sandy clay, granite.
U s e s.— Arillode edible, sour to sweet.
12. Baccaurea ramiflora Lour., Fl. Cochinch.: 661. 1790; Gagnep., Blumen. I.-C. 5: 551. 1927; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26: 221. 1972; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 65. 1973; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. 12: 172, map 3.34, photo 9. 2000; Haegens & Welzen in Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28: 73. 2000; in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 117, plate IV: 3. 2005.— Baccaurea cauliflora Lour., Fl. Cochinch.: 661. 1790.— Pierardia sapida Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 2: 254. 1832.— Baccaurea sapida (Roxb.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 459. 1866.— Baccaurea flaccida Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 459. 1866.— Baccaurea propinqua Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 463. 1866.— Baccaurea wrayi King ex Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 5: 374. 1887.— Baccaurea oxycarpa Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 23: 431. 1923.— Gatnaia annamica Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 24: 870. 1924.
Trees up to 13 m high, candelabriform branching pattern strong, branchlets (sub)glabrous. Indumentum of simple hairs. Stipules 2.5-6 by 1-2.5 mm. Leaves: petiole 10-63 mm long; blade elliptic to obovate, 7.1-25.5 by 2.9-8.8 cm, length/width ratio 1.8-4, papery, base attenuate to cuneate, lower surface without disc-like glands absent, nerves 4-9 per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary to cauliflorous, 1 to many together, up to 8.5(-15.5) cm long; bracts (1.5-)3-4 mm long, bracteoles absent. Staminate flowers 1.1-4 mm in diameter, yellow; pedicel 0.8-2.6 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, different in shape, 1-2.4 by 0.5-1.4 mm; stamens 5-8, 0.7-1.1 mm long, filaments 0.5-0.9 mm long, straight, anthers 0.2-0.3 by 0.2-0.4 mm. Pistillate inflorescences just below the leaves to cauliflorous, single to many together, c. 10 cm long. Pistllate flowers 3-8 mm in diameter, yellow; pedicel 1.5-3 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, elliptic, 3.5-5 by 1-2 mm; ovary (2)3(4)-locular; stigmas sessile, c. 0.5 mm long, not lobed. Fruits globose to ovoid berries, 19-37 by 14-28 by 14-28 mm, red to orange to pink to purplish outside, cream inside, (sub)glabrous outside, glabrous inside. Seeds 9-15 by 9-11 by 1.5-6 mm; arillode white.
T h a i l a n d.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Phrayao, Lampang, Phrae, Sukothai, Phitsanulok; NORTH-EASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei, Kalasin, Khon Kaen; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum, Nakhon Ratchasima; SOUTH-WESTERN: Uthai Thani, Kanchanaburi; CENTRAL: Saraburi, Nakhon Nayok; SOUTH-EASTERN: Prachin Buri, Chachoengsao, Chon Buri, Chanthaburi, Trat; PENINSULAR: Chumphon, Ranong, Surat Thani, Phangnga, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Trang, Satun, Songkhla, Narathiwat.
D i s t r i b u t i o n.— India (Assam), Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, China (Yunnan, Hainan), Vietnam (type), Malay Peninsula, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
E c o l o g y.— Primary rain forest, often cultivated; soil: sand, granite. Altitude: 50-1700.
V e r n a c u l a r.— Mafai (มะไฟ) (General); khi mi (ขี้หมี) (Northern); sae-khruea-sae (แซเครือแซ) (Karen-Mae Hong Son); ham kang (หัมกัง) (Phetchabun); pha-yio (ผะำยิ้ว) (Khmer-Surin); mafai pa (มะไฟป่า) (Eastern, Southeastern); mafai ka (มะไฟกา), som fai (ส้มไฟ) (Peninsular).
U s e s.— Arillode edible, sweet to sour.; in northern used by hilltribes as medicine, bark, root bark and wood are used in decoction of dried and grinded material.
13. Baccaurea sumatrana (Miq.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2: 466. 1866; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 65. 1973; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 55. 1975; G.L.Webster, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 51. 1994; Haegens, Blumea Suppl. 12: 182, fig. 3.25, map 3.39. 2000; Haegens & Welzen in Welzen et al., Thai For. Bull. 28: 74. 2000; in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 118, fig. 24g-i. 2005.— Calyptroon sumatranum Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste bijv.: 472. 1861.— Baccaurea kingii Gage, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 9: 231. 1922.— Baccaurea bivalvis Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15: 148. 1929.
Trees up to 43 m high, candelabriform branching pattern strong, branchlets glabrous. Indumentum of simple hairs. Stipules 1-7 by c. 1 mm. Leaves: petiole 5-48 mm long; blade ovate to sometimes obovate, 3-19 by 1.2-7.5 cm, length/width ratio 1.1-2.9(-3.75), papery, base attenuate to cuneate (to rounded), lower surface without disc-like glands, nerves, 5-8(-10) per side. Staminate inflorescences axillary to somewhat ramiflorous, 1(-3) together, up to 2.3(-5.4) cm long, flowers grouped at upper part of inflorescence; bracts c. 1 mm long, bracteoles absent. Staminate flowers sessile, 0.9-1.8 mm in diameter, yellow-green; sepals 3-5, each with a different size and shape, 0.3-1.2 by 0.3-1 mm; stamens 4-6, 0.4-1 mm long, filaments 0.4-0.9 mm long, anthers 0.1-0.15 mm. Pistillate inflorescences axillary to ramiflorous, 1(-4) together, up to 6.5(-9) cm long. Pistillate flowers 1.5-2 mm in diameter; pedicel geniculate (90 ° bend) at abscission zone, 2.2-2.5 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate to obovate, each with a different size and shape, 0.5-1.3 by 0.5-1.4 mm; ovary 2-locular; style 0-0.1 mm long; stigmas not lobed to apically lobed up to the base. Fruits flattened, ellipsoid, fleshy capsules, 9-17 by 4-10 mm, yellow to orange to reddish, dehiscing loculicidally, subglabrous outside, glabrous inside. Seeds 6-9 by 4-7.5 by 2-4 mm; arillode orange.
T h a i l a n d.— PENINSULAR: Narathiwat (Tak Bai).
D i s t r i b u t i o n.— Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (type), Borneo.
E c o l o g y.— Primary and secondary forest; soil: sand, sandy clay. Altitude: 0-1550 m.
U s e s.— Used as timber wood.