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Malesian Euphorbiaceae Descriptions |
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Schot, A.M. 2004. Systematics of Aporosa (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea Suppl. 17: 1377.
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Key to the Species of Peninsular Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Java |
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Key to the Species of the Philippines, Sulawesi, and the Moluccas |
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Aporosa Blume, Bijdr. 10 (1825) 514; Fl. Javae 2 (1828) 6; Lindl., Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2 (1836) 178; Endl., Gen. Pl. 4 (1837) 282; Baill., Ιtude Gιn. Euphorb. (1858) 643; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 430; Benth., Fl. Hongk. (1861) 316; Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. (1861) 288; Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 469; Kurz, For. Fl. Brit. Burma 2 (1877) 361; Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3 (1883) 282; Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 345; Pax in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3, 5 (1890) 29; Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceyl. 4 (1898) 39; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 278; J.J. Sm., Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indiλ (1910) 226; Koord., Exkurs.-Fl. Java 2 (1912) 480; Merr., Enum. Born. Pl. (1921) 330; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 80; Merr., Enum. Philipp. Flow. Pl. 2 (1923) 409; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 235; S.Moore, J. Bot. Brit. For. 63, Suppl. (1925) 97; Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5 (1927) 552; Merr., Pl. Elmer. Born. (1929) 141; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., 2e aufl., 19c (1931) 52; Corner, Wayside Trees Malaya 1 (1940) 235; Worth., Ceylon Trees (1959) 376; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 455; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1966) 380; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Sandakan 7 (1967) 33; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 213; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 58; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 30; 8 (1980) 28; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 252; 37 (1982) 7; Alph. Enum. Euphorb. Philipp. Isl. (1983) 8; G.L.Webster, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81 (1994) 47; Radcl.-Sm., Gen. Euphorbiacearum (2001) 65; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 151; Schot & Welzen in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 81; G.L.Webster in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 11 (2014) 85. Aporosa Blume sect. Euaporosa Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 81, nom. inval. Aporosa Blume subsect. Gymnogynae Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 85, nom. inval. Type: Aporosa frutescens Blume.
Leiocarpus Blume, Bijdr. 12 (1825) 581; Fl. Javae 2 (1828) 7; Lindl., Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2 (1836) 116; Endl., Gen. Pl. 10 (1839) 1120; Baill., Ιtude Gιn. Euphorb. (1858) 655; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 362; Fl. Ind. Bat., Suppl. (1860) 178. Type: Leiocarpus fruticosus Blume [= Aporosa frutescens Blume].
Scepa Lindl., Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2 (1836) 441; Endl., Gen. Pl. 4, 1897 (1837) 288; Tul., Ann. Soc. Nat., Sιr. 3, 15 (1851) 254. Type: Scepa stipulacea Lindl. [= Aporosa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Vickery].
Lepidostachys Wall. [Cat. (1832) 6816, nomen] ex Lindl., Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2 (1836) 441; Endl., Gen. Pl. 4, 1898 (1837) 288; Tul., Ann. Soc. Nat., Sιr. 3, 15 (1851) 253. Type: Lepidostachys roxburghii Wall. ex Lindl. [= Aporosa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Vickery].
Tetractinostigma Hassk., Hort. Bogor. Descr. (1858) 55; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., Suppl. (1860) 185. Type: Tetractinostigma microcalyx Hassk. [= Aporosa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Vickery].
Small to medium sized trees, sometimes shrubs, dioecious, no exudate. Indumentum of simple, brown hairs only; young branches densely tomentose to glabrous, old ones glabrous; stipules hairy to glabrous; petiole densely tomentose to glabrous; leaf above and beneath densely tomentose to glabrous, beneath often stronger on midrib and nerves. Branches terete. Stipules just above base of petiole, equal, narrowly triangular to ovate or falcate, persistent or caducous, sometimes lower surface along the margin with hollow or black disc-like glands. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole terete or flattened, often slightly grooved or ridged, pulvinate at base and apex (entirely so in A. brevicaudata and A. parvula), lower pulvinus sometimes indistinct, upper pulvinus larger; blade (narrowly) ovate to (narrowly) obovate; base symmetric, cordate to attenuate, occasionally with two basal, adaxial glands, black to brownish grey spots or hair tufts; margin mostly (lowly) undulate to (lowly) glandular-crenate, sometimes glandular-serrate, glandular-dentate, or (sub)entire, often with distinct glands at ends of thickened venule endings in margin or abaxially submarginally, black to grey or hairy, few to many; apex acuminate to caudate; lamina thick to thin, shiny to dull, sometimes brittle, smooth, sometimes bullate or irregularly lowly granular (regular white granules in A. chondroneura), dark to mid-green above, dull or shiny, paler beneath and colouring upon drying greyish, brownish, greenish, bluish, or yellowish (in the aluminium accumulating species) on both sides, or discolorous, in dried condition often (densely) covered with (fine) black to grey dots above, sometimes fading with age, disc-like glands sometimes present beneath, scattered within the marginal arches or at some distance from the margin, brownish or blackish in dry leaves. Nervation pinninerved, raised to sunken above, raised to flat beneath; nerves ascending, in species with cordate bases the first pairs at first descending, anastomosing with often distinct arches at some distance from the margin; veins and venation distinct or indistinct, forming a densely or laxly reticulate or (slightly) scalariform pattern. Inflorescences simple spikes (seldomly few-branched in A. ledermanniana), axillary or just beneath the leaves, sometimes borne on the branches, single to many clustered together; rachis short and thick to long and slender, densely tomentose to subglabrous, usually (light) yellow or greenish (purplish in A. quadrilocularis); staminate glomerules and pistillate flowers spirally arranged, either laxly to densely spaced along the rachis, or concentrated or only at apical end and then peduncle present; bracts 1 for each staminate glomerule or pistillate flower, small, often caducous or large, conspicuous and persistent, (broadly) triangular, densely tomentose to glabrous outside, glabrous or only hairy at base inside, margin often ciliate. Flowers unisexual (all bisexual in A. hermaphrodita and A. heterodoxa, and some in A. brevicaudata and A. egregia), small, slightly fragrant; sepals 36, connate at base only to c. halfway, hairy to glabrous; petals absent; disc absent. Staminate flowers white, or creamish to yellow or yellowish green, sometimes slightly reddish; few to many together in dense or lax globose or ellipsoid glomerules; pedicel absent or up to 1 mm long; sepals (narrowly) obovate to spathulate; stamens 24 (up to 6 in A. fulvovittata, up to 8 in A. praegrandifolia), episepalous, not to strongly exserted; filaments free, glabrous, white(ish); anthers with 2 thecae, dorsoversatile, ellipsoid to subglobose, latrorsly longitudinally dehiscent, glabrous, whitish to (pale) yellow-(brown), connective sometimes sparsely hairy; pistillode absent or minute, then a hair tuft or cylindrical, often apically lobed. Pistillate flowers solitary, white to creamish to pale or bright yellow(-green); bracteoles small, at base of pedicel, triangular to ovate, hairy to glabrous outside, glabrous or hairy at base inside; pedicel present or absent, green (cream or purple to violet in A. nitida and A. quadrilocularis); sepals (narrowly) ovate; petal-like organs erratically 2 or 3 present; ovary globose, ovoid, or (narrowly) ellipsoid, sometimes flask-shaped, 2- or 3-locular, sometimes 4-locular (57-locular in A. nitida), densely sericeous to glabrous; ovules two per locule; style absent; stigmas sessile or raised, broad or elongated, apically lobed to completely divided, flattened to the sides of the ovary to ascending, straight to recurved, whitish turning yellow to red(dish) or (dark) purple, almost smooth to densely laciniate above, often also longitudinally ribbed, glabrous smooth, papillate or ribbed beneath, sparsely sericeous to glabrous when free, sometimes completely fused to the ovary or style remnant present. Infructescences often longer and thicker than pistillate inflorescences, glabrescent. Fruit a regma, dehiscent; pedicel often slightly or strongly longer than in flowering stage, green (red to purple in A. nitida); capsule broadly ovoid, globose, or (narrowly) ellipsoid (flask-shaped in A. lagenocarpa and fusiform in A. fusiformis and A. egregia), topped by the persistent stigmas, sometimes stiped and/or beaked, sometimes ridged or lobed along the sutures, granular to smooth (ruminate-verrucate in A. selangorica, tuberculate in A. bourdillonii, laminate in A. lamellata), soft or hard, densely sericeous to glabrous, greenish when immature and at maturity turning yellow, pink, orange to (dark) red or violet outside and whitish or orange inside; pericarp splitting from base to apex septicidally and loculicidally, thin papery or thick and sometimes fleshy; endocarp splitting separately from pericarp, as pericarp, slightly later in time, thin horny, sometimes caudate at apex towards the stigmas, glabrous, whitish; septae very thin, hairy or glabrous; column hairy or glabrous, red or purple. Seeds only one or one per locule developing, seldom two per locule, hanging apically on column, shape and size dependent on number of seeds developing, mostly (half-)terete, ovoid to ellipsoid, base and apex truncate, covered with a thin, fleshy, juicy, yellow, orange, pink, or red to scarlet aril; testa creamy or green; endosperm fine granular, thin; embryo small, radix quadrangular, cotyledons flat, base cordate to truncate, apex rounded.
Distribution 82 species, found from Sri Lanka and South India (Kerala), from North India southwards to South China, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam; Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, West Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, South Moluccas, Papua Barat, Papua New Guinea, and two species in the Western Solomons.
Aporosa Blume section Aporosa: Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 153.
Stipules narrowly ovate, oblique, mostly caducous. Leaves: basal glands mostly absent (small and often indistinct in A. prainiana, A. sarawakensis, and A. symplocoides); blade papery, regularly scattered with small or distinct white granules above and/or beneath, drying greyish green or yellowish green on both sides, disc-like glands along the margin, small, few, irregularly present. Inflorescences drying yellow or yellowish; staminate ones with glomerules laxly set throughout the rachis (but massed in an apical head in A. confusa, A. nitida, A. quadrilocularis, and sometimes A. frutescens); pistillate ones with flowers laxly set or uniflorous. Flowers: staminate flowers with stamens not or slightly exserted; pistillate flowers with papillate stigmas. Fruits drying yellowish; septae and column glabrous.
Species Aporosa banahaensis, A. chondroneura, A. confusa, A. frutescens, A. fulvovittata, A. nitida, A. prainiana, A. quadrilocularis, A. sarawakensis, A. stellifera, A. stenostachys, A. symplocoides, A. symplocoides var. chalarocarpa, A. whitmorei (A. spec. E).
Distribution Mainly Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo. Aporosa frutescens widespread from Peninsular Thailand to West Java, the Philippines, Sulawesi and Seram; A. banahaensis in the Philippines.
Aporosa Blume section Appendiculatae Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 104; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 154. Lectotype (designated by Schot, 2004): Aporosa bourdillonii Stapf.
Aporosa Blume subsect. Trichogynae Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 92. Lectotype (designated by Schot, 2004): Aporosa dioica (Roxb.) Mόll.Arg. [= Aporosa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Vickery].
Stipules narrowly ovate, mostly caducous. Leaves: basal glands usually present; blade papery, smooth, drying greenish to brownish above, brownish beneath, or greenish to yellow on both sides, disc-like glands scattered within the marginal vein arches (absent in A. nigricans). Inflorescences drying (dark) brownish, staminate glomerules or pistillate flowers densely set, completely covering the rachis (peduncled in A. bourdillonii). Flowers: staminate flowers with stamens not or slightly exserted; pistillate flowers with papillate stigmas. Fruits drying brown to black; septae and column sparsely sericeous to sparsely tomentose, seldom glabrescent.
Species Aporosa acuminata, A. aurea, A. bourdillonii, A. cardiosperma, A. ficifolia, A. fusiformis, A. globifera, A. lanceolata, A. latifolia, A. lucida, A. macrophylla, A. nigricans, A. octandra, A. planchoniana, A. pseudoficifolia, A. serrata, A. symplocifolia, A. tetrapleura, A. villosa, A. wallichii, A. yunnanensis.
Distribution Sri Lanka, South India, North India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, South China. Aporosa aurea, A. globifera and A. pseudoficifolia in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore, A. symplocifolia in the Philippines, and A. lucida, A. nigricans, and A. octandra widespread in West Malesia.
Aporosa Blume section Benthamianae Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 155. Type: Aporosa benthamiana Hook.f.
Aporosa Blume subsect. Grandistipulosae Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 82. Lectotype (designated by Schot, 2004): Aporosa benthamiana Hook.f.
Stipules falcate, often persistent. Leaves: basal glands absent; blade leathery, smooth, drying greenish to (dark) brownish above, (dark) brownish beneath, disc-like glands many, distinct, along the margin. Inflorescences drying brownish; staminate glomerules and pistillate flowers densely set only at apical 2/3. Flowers: staminate flowers with minute sepals, stamens strongly exerted, c. thrice as long as the sepals and giving mature inflorescences a typical brush-like appearance; pistillate flowers with smooth stigmas. Fruits drying brownish; septae and column glabrous.
Species Aporosa benthamiana, A. bullatissima, A. falcifera, A. lunata, A. sylvestri.
Distribution Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo. Aporosa falcifera also found on Sulawesi, A. lunata on West Java, and A. benthamiana in the southern Philippines.
Note Though Pax & Hoffmanns name Grandistipulosae is available for this section, I do not use it to avoid confusion with A. grandistipula (section Sundanenses).
Aporosa Blume section Papuanae Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 155. Typus: Aporosa papuana Pax & K.Hoffm.
Stipules mostly falcate or oblique, persistent or caducous. Leaves: basal glands absent; blade papery or leathery, smooth, drying greenish or brownish above, brownish beneath or greyish green on both sides, disc-like glands scattered only along the margin or only basally or over the complete blade, distinct or small or disc-like glands absent. Inflorescences drying yellowish or (dark) brownish; glomerules or pistillate flowers laxly or densely set along the rachis or rachis peduncled or laxly flowered at base and more densely apically. Flowers largish; staminate flowers with stamens exserted; pistillate flowers with papillate stigmas. Fruits drying yellowish or brownish; septae and column glabrous (column at base hairy in A. annulata).
Species Aporosa annulata, A. brassii, A. brevicaudata, A. carrii, A. decipiens, A. egregia, A. flexuosa, A. hermaphrodita, A. heterodoxa, A. lamellata, A. laxiflora, A. ledermanniana, A. leptochrysandra, A. leytensis, A. longicaudata, A. misimana, A. nigropunctata, A. papuana, A. parvula, A. praegrandifolia, A. reticulata, A. sclerophylla, A. vagans (A. spec. A, A. spec. B, A. spec. C, A. spec. D).
Distribution Papua Barat and Papua New Guinea. Aporosa papuana reaching the Solomons, A. brevicaudata also found on Seram (Moluccas), and A. leytensis occurring in Sulawesi and the Philippines.
Aporosa Blume section Sundanenses Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 156. Typus: Aporosa nervosa Hook.f.
Stipules (narrowly) ovate, oblique or not, usually caducous. Leaves: basal glands absent; blade papery or leathery, smooth, drying brownish to greenish or bluish above, brownish beneath; disc-like glands absent or along the margin, small, few, irregularly present (scattered within the marginal vein arches in A. dendroidea). Inflorescences drying (dark) brown, seldom yellowish; mostly with staminate glomerules or pistillate flowers interruptedly set at the base, more densely set apically (densely set in A. maingayi, interrupted throughout in A. grandistipula and A. elmeri). Flowers: staminate flowers with stamens exserted or not; pistillate flowers with ribbed or papillate or laciniate stigmas. Fruits usually drying (dark) brown to black; septae and column glabrous.
Species Aporosa alia, A. antennifera, A. arborea, A. basilanensis, A. caloneura, A. dendroidea, A. duthieana, A. elmeri, A. grandistipula, A. granularis, A. illustris, A. lagenocarpa, A. maingayi, A. microstachya, A. nervosa, A. penangensis, A. rhacostyla, A. selangorica, A. sphaeridiophora, A. subcaudata (A. spec. F, A. spec. G).
Distribution Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo. Aporosa duthieana found in Thailand, Burma, and Vietnam, A. sphaeridiophora in the Philippines and its variety campanulata in West Java; A. dendroidea in the South Moluccas.
Aporosa alia Schot, Blumea 40 (1995) 453; Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 318, fig. 10.7, map 10.50. Aporosa granularis forma: Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 29 (1974) 283. Type: Fuchs 21230 (holo L; iso BO, K), Sarawak, 4th Division.
Tree, up to 18 m high, up to 20 cm diameter. Bark greyish brown, greyish, yellowish, or whitish, smooth. Young branches sparsely tomentose. Stipules narrowly ovate, slightly oblique, 37 by 12 mm, sparsely hairy outside, glabrescent, caducous. Petiole terete, ridged, 719 by 0.71.2 mm, sparsely tomentose, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 1.52.5 by 11.5 mm, indistinct, upper pulvinus 25 by 12 mm, rather distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 621 by 27 cm; base cuneate to slightly attenuate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands regular, distinct, brownish, hairy in young leaves; apex cuspidate to caudate; blade thin, smooth, rather shiny, not brittle, drying (bright) greyish green above and beneath, glabrous above, only midrib and nerves sparsely tomentose beneath, glabrescent; dots irregularly laxly set, fine, greyish, often indistinct; disc-like glands absent. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 710 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 25 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, slightly prominent to flat above, slightly prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 15 clustered together, 512 by 0.51 mm, sparsely tomentose; peduncle 13 by 0.50.8 mm; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 0.20.4 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; glomerules subglobose, consisting of 57 laxly set flowers, 0.51 by 0.30.5 mm, spaced at 0.31 at base of the rachis, decreasing to 0 mm at apex; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 0.30.5 mm long; sepals 5, ovate, 0.50.7 mm long, connate at base only, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; stamens 2 or 3, slightly exserted, 0.40.6 mm long; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 14 clustered together, 615 by 0.51 mm, sparsely tomentose; flowers up to 9, rather densely set at apical end of the rachis, laxly below; bracts broadly triangular, 0.60.8 mm long, sparsely hairy at base outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles not seen; pedicel absent. Pistillate flowers 1.22 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, patent, 0.61 mm long, fleshy at base, sparsely hairy at base outside, glabrous inside; staminodes erratically present; ovary ellipsoid, 11.5 mm long, 2-locular, smooth, sparsely puberulous; stigmas sessile, elongated, apically bifid to near base, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, straight, 0.51 mm long, smooth above, apex laxly laciniate, glabrous, smooth beneath, style remnant absent. Infructescences 827 by 0.71.2 mm, puberulous; fruiting pedicel absent. Fruits (narrowly) ovoid, lowly stiped, not beaked, 1116 by 69 mm, (lowly) granulate, sparsely hairy, glabrescent; pericarp 0.20.3 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 1 or 2, (half-)terete, ellipsoid, 7.59 by 56.5 by 34 mm.
Section Sundanenses.
Distribution Malesia: Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology In primary or secondary (mixed dipterocarp) forest, kerangas, or peat swamps; on hills, ridges, gentle or steep slopes, in open spaces, and near streams. Soil: clayey or loamy, yellow, rather wet. Altitude: 30400 m. Flowering: April, June to Oct.; fruiting: April, August to December.
Vernacular names Jangau, kayu masam (Iban).
Aporosa annulata Schot, Blumea 40 (1995) 454; Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 284, map 10.38. Type: BW (Van der Sijde) 5556 (holo L; iso BO, LAE), Indonesia, Papua Barat, Vogelkop, Sidei, c. 50 km W of Manokwari.
Tree, up to 20 m high, up to 20 cm diameter. Bark grey-brown or brown, flaky; inner bark reddish straw or (light) brown. Wood yellow, creamy, or straw. Young branches (red) tomentose. Stipules narrowly ovate, oblique, 67 by 34 mm, margin very sparsely hairy beneath, present in young stages. Petiole terete, adaxially lowly grooved, 715 by 0.81 mm, (red) tomentose, lower pulvinus 12 by 11.2 mm, upper pulvinus 24 by 1.21.5 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 814.5 by 2.55 cm; base rounded to obtuse, basal glands absent; margin subentire, recurved, marginal glands few, small, blackish; apex acuminate to cuspidate; thinnish, slightly shiny, not brittle, smooth, drying greyish or brownish green above and beneath; dots irregularly densely set, very fine, grey; disc-like glands regular, scattered mostly at base within marginal arches; only midrib tomentose above, sparsely tomentose beneath, midrib and nerves tomentose. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 710 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches fading, 13 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation fading, rather densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, slightly prominent to flat. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 16 clustered together, 815 by 1.52 mm, tomentose; peduncle 01 by c. 1 mm; bracts triangular, inconspicuous, 11.2 mm long, tomentose outside, hairy at base only inside, margin ciliate; glomerules subglobose, consisting of 810 rather densely set flowers, 1.52 by 1.21.8 mm, spaced at 0.51 mm at base of the rachis, decreasing to 0 mm at apex; pedicel 0.30.5 mm long. Staminate flowers 1.52 mm long; sepals 4, obovate, 0.40.7 mm long, connate to c. halfway, sparsely tomentose outside, glabrous inside; stamens 3 or 4, exserted, 1.22.2 mm long; anthers 0.20.3 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode minute, sparsely tomentose. Pistillate inflorescences 1 or 2 clustered together, 310 by 0.50.8 mm, tomentose; flowers up to 7, laxly set at base of the rachis, rather densely apically; bracts broadly triangular, 0.81 mm long, tomentose outside, hairy at base only inside, margin ciliate; bracteoles ovate, 0.40.7 mm long, sparsely tomentose outside, glabrous inside; pedicel 0.51 mm long, tomentose. Pistillate flowers 2.54 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, ascending, 0.50.7 mm long, thin, sparsely tomentose outside, tomentose at base only inside; ovary ovoid, 1.52.5 mm long, 2- or 3-locular, smooth, tomentose; stigmas raised, elongated, apically bifid to more than halfway, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, slightly recurved, 23 mm long, ribbed and laxly papillate above, margins laxly laciniate, glabrous, smooth beneath, very sparsely hairy, style remnant absent. Infructescences 1731 mm long, 0.51 mm diam., sparsely tomentose; fruiting pedicel 24 mm long, sparsely tomentose. Fruits ellipsoid, not stiped, slightly beaked, 1012 by 79 mm, punctulate, very sparsely puberulous; pericarp 0.30.5 mm thick, not fleshy; septae glabrous; column around base with a hairy ring. Seeds 1, half-terete, ellipsoid, 78 by 4.55.5 by 34 mm.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua Barat, Papua New Guinea.
« = A. annulata;
l = A. brassii
Habitat & Ecology Primary, lowland to lower montane forest; open ground; on gentle slopes. Soil: sandy clay or clay loam, red. Altitude: 5600 m. Flowering: May, August to October; fruiting: January and March.
Vernacular names Mofkwa (Amberbaken); mees (Hattam).
Aporosa antennifera (Airy Shaw) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 32; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 253; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 320, fig. 3.6r, 3.8r, 3.11i, 4.6a, 10.8; map 10.51. Aporosa nigropunctata Pax & K.Hoffm. var. antennifera Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1966) 382; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Sandakan 7 (1967) 34; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 61. Type: J. & M.S. Clemens 40437 (holo K; iso BM, L), Sabah, Mt Kinabalu.
Shrub or tree, up to 30 m high, up to 60 cm diameter. Bark dark, reddish, pinkish brown, dark to light grey, with reddish patches, smooth, cracked, or slightly rugose; inner bark dark, reddish to light orangish, or yellowish brown to pale pink, firmly fibrous. Wood yellow to white, hard, finely radially striate. Young branches dark brown sparsely puberulous, hairs brown pilose. Stipules not seen, early caducous. Petiole terete, adaxially lowly grooved, 48 by 11.2 mm, sparsely puberulous, lower pulvinus 0.71 by c. 1 mm, indistinct, upper pulvinus 23 by 11.2 mm, distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 6.514 by 2.26 cm; base cuneate to slightly attenuate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to irregularly glandular-crenate, marginal glands regular, distinct, blackish, hairy in young leaves; apex cuspidate; blade thinnish, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying (dark) greenish blue above, greyish brown beneath, glabrous above, only midrib and nerves sparsely puberulous beneath; dots irregularly laxly set, very fine, black, often indistinct; disc-like glands absent. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 46 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches often rather fading, 0.51.5 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, flat above, slightly prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 25 clustered together, 925 by 11.3 mm, sparsely puberulous; peduncle 0.52 by 0.20.4 mm; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 0.20.3 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; glomerules subglobose, consisting of 58 laxly set flowers, 0.71.2 by c. 0.5 mm, spaced at 0.11 mm at base of rachis, decreasing to 0 mm at apex; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 11.5 mm long; sepals 4, obovate, connate at base, 0.30.5 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; stamens 2, 11.5 mm long, exserted; anthers 0.20.3 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 513 by 0.51 mm, puberulous; flowers up to 7, laxly set along the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.30.5 mm long, very sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, ciliate; bracteoles ovate, 0.30.4 mm long, glabrous, ciliate; pedicel 13 mm long, puberulous. Pistillate flowers 34 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, subequal, patent, 0.30.8 mm long, thin, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; ovary flask-shaped to slightly fusiform, 2-locular, 33.5 mm long, punctulate, sparsely puberulous at base, glabrescent towards apex; stigmas raised, elongated, apically bifid to c. halfway, lobes divided, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, recurved, 2.55.5 mm long, papillate above, glabrous, lowly papillate beneath, style remnant absent. Infructescences 923 by 0.81 mm, sparsely puberulous; fruiting pedicel 24 mm long, sparsely puberulous. Fruits ellipsoid, shortly stiped, beaked, 710(15) by 58 mm, punctulate to smooth, sparsely hairy at base, glabrescent; pericarp 0.50.8 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 1 (or 2), half-terete, ellipsoid, 78 by 45 by c. 2 mm.
Section Sundanenses.
Distribution Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology Primary, secondary, or logged dipterocarp forest; on hill sides, ridges, and along rivers. Soil: clay, sandy loam, granitic sand, or basalt, yellow-red brownish or greyish. Altitude: 201050 m. Flowering: March, April, July to November; fruiting: April to June, August to December.
Vernacular names Peninsular Malaysia: Semasam lanang, kelat jambu (Malay). Sumatra: Bangka rambei. Borneo: Manyi (Bukit Baka); kasingan tahatung (Dayak); kayu masam (Iban).
Note Specimen KEP-FRI 786 shows the same galled bunchy inflorescences as regularly found in A. subcaudata.
Aporosa arborea (Blume) Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 470; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 278; J.J. Sm., Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indiλ 10 (1910) 232; Koord., Exkurs.-Fl. Java 2 (1912) 480; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 95; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 239; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1964) 456; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 214; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 61; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975), in obs.; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 254; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 322, fig. 3.8a, 3.11b, 4.1c; map 10.52; Schot & Welzen in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 84, fig. 16a, b. Leiocarpus arboreus Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 582; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 362. Type: Blume s.n. (L, barcode L 0062743), Java, Salak.
Leiocarpus arborescens Hassk., Hort. Bogor. Descr. (1858) 59; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 6 (1859) 715. Aporosa arborescens (Hassk.) Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 470; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 278. Type: Teysmann s.n. (n.v.), Sumatra.
Daphniphyllum kingii Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 354. Syntypes: Scortechini s.n., Kings Collector s.n. (K?, n.v.), Peninsular Malaysia: Perak.
Baccaurea forbesii Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) . Type: Forbes 3165 (holo BM; iso L), Sumatra.
Shrub or tree, up to 25 m high, up to 30 cm diameter. Bark brown to grey, reddish, or greenish, with white patches, smooth to scaly, fissured, cracking; inner bark (pale) brown to reddish, (pale) pink, or yellow. Wood brown-white, cream-yellow, or pale orange. Young branches brown, sparsely puberulous. Stipules not seen, early caducous, recorded falcate. Petiole terete, adaxially grooved, 1451 by 1.52.5 mm, very sparsely hairy, glabrescent, upper pulvinus 411 by 25 mm, lower pulvinus 35 by 24 mm, both distinct. Leaves (narrowly) elliptic to narrowly obovate, 13.535 by 4.515 cm; base rounded to acute, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate, marginal glands regular, small, blackish to greyish brown, variably distinct; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thin, smooth, dull, sometimes brittle, drying bluish or greenish above, blackening with age, greyish brown beneath, only midrib at base sparsely puberulous above, only midrib and nerves sparsely puberulous beneath, glabrescent; dots irregularly densely set, rather fine, black, fading in older, darker leaves; disc-like glands often few present, along the margin. Nervation: midrib flat to slightly sunken above, prominent beneath; nerves 1216 pairs, flat to slightly sunken above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 26 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, rather densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, slightly prominent to flat above, (slightly) prominent beneath. Inflorescences below the leaves or borne on the upper branches. Staminate inflorescences 16 clustered together, 1655 by 0.51 mm, (sparsely) tomentose; peduncle 0.54 by 0.51 mm; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 0.30.5 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; glomerules ellipsoid, 1.52 by c. 1 mm, consisting of up to 20 densely set flowers, spaced at 04 mm at base of rachis, decreasing to 0 mm at apex; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 0.40.8 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, narrowly obovate, connate at base, 0.50.8 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; stamens 2, slightly exserted, 0.30.4 mm long; anthers c. 0.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode minute, lumpy, glabrous. Pistillate inflorescences 16 clustered together, 1236 by 0.91.2 mm, (sparsely) tomentose; flowers up to 11, laxly set along the rachis; bracts triangular, 0.30.5 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles ovate, 0.20.3 mm long, puberulous outside, glabrous inside; pedicel 1.53 mm long, (sparsely) tomentose. Pistillate flowers 25 mm long; sepals 5, ovate, patent to slightly reflexed, 0.61 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; ovary globose, 3- (or 4-)locular, 23.5 mm long, smooth, sparsely puberulous, glabrescent; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, apically bifid to c. halfway, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, (slightly) recurved, 0.71.5 mm long, ribbed and lowly papillate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, style remnant absent. Infructescences 1582 by 1.21.5 mm, (sparsely) tomentose; fruiting pedicel 512 mm long, sparsely tomentose. Fruits ellipsoid to globose, not stiped, young ones slightly beaked, 1317 by 1013 mm, approximately smooth, drying (dark) brown, glabrous; pericarp 0.81.5 mm thick, slightly fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 13, half-terete, ovoid, 911 by 5.57.5 by 24 mm.
Section Sundanenses.
Distribution Malesia: Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, West Java, Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology Primary or secondary evergreen forest; lowland, undulating country; on hill sides, ridges, and river sides. Soil: granitic sand, brown. Altitude: 201000 m. Flowering: March to May, July to October; fruiting: March, May to January.
Vernacular names Peninsular Malaysia: Sebasah, bulu-bulu (Malay); rambai ajam, rambai hantu (Temuan). Sumatra: Kayu djahut-djahut. Java: Huru pasgeng.
Note Only two collections from Borneo, Gunung Palung National Reserve (Van Balgooy & Van Setten 5353, 5564) have the long petioles and large bluish leaves that are characteristic of A. arborea. Other collections from Borneo belong to A. illustris.
Aporosa aurea Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 351 (p.p., excl. A. microstachya sensu Kurz = A. wallichii Hook.f.); Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 279; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 87; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 240; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 214; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 59; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 254; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 240, fig. 3.6c, 4.6d; map 10.14; Schot & Welzen in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 86. Type: Griffith KD 4959 (K; A, P), Malacca.
Excoecaria? integrifolia Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3 (1832) 757, nom. rej. (Int. Code Bot. Nomencl., 2000: 399). Type: Roxburgh s.n. (BR).
Shrub or (small) tree, up to 24 m high, up to 25 cm diameter. Bark whitish, yellowish, (greenish) grey, (light) brown, or reddish, smooth to slightly fissured and (finely) flaking, thin, soft; inner bark yellow, or pink, or red, or (dark or pale) brown. Wood creamy white, or yellow, or pale orange to (light) brown Young branches whitish to greyish, glabrous. Stipules (narrowly) triangular, 45 by 23 mm, glabrous, caducous. Petiole terete, smooth, 738 by 11.5 mm, glabrous, lower pulvinus 13 by 12 mm, upper pulvinus 1.57 by 1.22.5 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 625 by 29.5 cm; base rounded to acute, basal glands distinct, large, black; margin subentire, marginal glands seldom few in margin; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thick, smooth, shiny, rather brittle, drying yellow to light greenish above and beneath, completely glabrous; dots indistinct; disc-like glands few, scattered within marginal arches. Nervation: midrib (slightly) prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 812 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, sunken in older leaves, prominent beneath, marginal arches often fading, 25 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation fading, densely reticulate, slightly prominent to flat. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 26 clustered together, 1019 by 1.52 mm, probably tomentose; peduncle absent; bracts broadly triangular, 0.61 mm long, inconspicuous, subglabrous outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; glomerules indistinct, consisting of 810 densely set flowers, continuously spaced along the rachis; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 0.71 mm long; sepals 4, narrowly obovate to spathulate, 11.5 mm long, free, connate to rachis, base fleshy, glabrous; stamens 2, not exserted, 0.50.8 mm long; anthers 0.20.3 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 24 by 1.21.5 mm, tomentose, flowers up to 5, densely set along the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.61 mm long, subglabrous outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; bracteoles triangular, 0.30.5 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; pedicel minute, densely sericeous. Pistillate flowers 1.82.5 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate to elliptic, patent, 0.71.2 mm long, fleshy at base, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; ovary ovoid, 1.52 mm long, 2-locular, smooth, glabrous; stigmas sessile, elongated, perpendicular to slightly ascending from the sides of the ovary, apically bifid to near base, straight to slightly recurved, 0.40.5 mm long, ribbed and laxly papillate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, glabrous, style remnant present. Infructescences 46 by 1.21.8 mm, puberulous; fruiting pedicel 0.52 mm long, puberulous. Fruits globose, not stiped, not beaked, 811 by 811 mm, almost smooth, young fruits ridged at sutures, drying brownish to black, glabrous; pericarp 0.50.8 mm thick, not fleshy; septae, mostly at (inner) margins, and column sericeous. Seeds 1 or 2, half-terete, subglobose, 68 by 78 by 34.5 mm.
Section Appendiculatae.
Distribution Malesia: Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, North Sumatra.
Habitat & Ecology Primary, secondary, disturbed, or logged evergreen or (mixed) deciduous forest; in shaded and partly open areas; on steep or shallow hill sides, or hill tops, low undulating or flat country; along cascades, rivers, trails, or along seashore. Soil: granite, sandy, basalt derived sand-clay, or sandstone with limestone boulders; periodically flooded. Altitude: sea level to 500 m. Flowering: December to July; fruiting: January to October.
Uses Wood used for furniture.
Vernacular name Peninsular Malaysia: Sebasah (Malay).
Notes 1. Airy Shaw (1975) includes Borneo in the distribution of A. aurea. I have found no evidence for this: Merrills A. frutescens (1929) is distinctly A. frutescens, not A. aurea; other collections also turned out to be either A. frutescens or A. nitida. It is easy to distinguish between A. nitida and A. aurea in vegetative characters: the former has a much thicker petiole that lacks the distinct large black basal glands of the latter.
2. I have seen only three collections from Sumatra, all from Atjeh, so I am not sure if Airy Shaws citation (1981) is truly A. aurea.
3. Kurzs A. microstachya (1877), referred to A. aurea by Hooker (1887), is A. wallichii (as suggested by Airy Shaw, 1969).
4. See note under A. lucida.
Aporosa banahaensis (Elmer) Merr., Enum. Philipp. Flow. Pl. 2 (1923) 410; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 214, fig. 3.5g; map 10.1. Baccaurea banahaensis Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 4 (1912) 1475; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 70. Type: Elmer 9106 (iso BM, BO, L), Philippines, Luzon, Lucban.
Aporosa similis Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., Bot. 9 (1914) 472; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 92. Type: FB (Everett) 7279 (iso P), Philippines, Negros.
Aporosa agusanensis Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 7 (1915) 2636. Type: Elmer 13415 (iso A, BM, BO, L, P), Philippines, Mindanao, Cabadbaran.
Shrub or small tree, up to 15 m high, up to 30 cm diameter. Bark smooth. Young branches very sparsely puberulous. Stipules not seen, caducous, probably slightly oblique. Petiole terete, adaxially lowly grooved, 924 by 0.81.2 mm, sparsely hirsute, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 1.53.5 by 1.22 mm, upper pulvinus 510 by 1.22 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 1121.5 by 4.38.5 cm; base rounded to acute, sometimes slightly attenuate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands regular, small, brownish; apex cuspidate; blade thinnish, young leaves lowly irregular granular above and beneath, sometimes slightly shiny, not brittle, drying greenish grey, greenish yellow, or brown above and beneath, nervation lighter below, glabrous above, midrib very sparsely hairy at base, only midrib and nerves sparsely hirsute beneath, glabrescent; dots absent; disc-like glands few, small, along margin. Nervation: midrib prominent above, raised beneath; nerves 911 pairs, slightly prominent above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 1.53 mm from the margin; veins and venation fading, laxly reticulate, slightly prominent to flat. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 14 clustered together, 711 by 11.5 mm, very sparsely hairy, glabrescent; peduncle 1.52.5 mm long, 0.30.5 mm diam.; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 11.2 mm long, glabrous, margin ciliate; glomerules subglobose, 0.81.5 by 0.81 mm, consisting of 711 densely set flowers, spaced at 0.52 mm at base, decreasing to 0 mm at apical end of rachis; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 0.30.5 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, obovate, connate at base, 0.50.7 mm long, glabrous; stamens 2 or 3, slightly exserted, 0.30.4 mm long; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode minute. Pistillate inflorescences 1 or 2 clustered together, 45 by 0.50.8 mm, very sparsely hairy, glabrescent; flowers single at apical end of rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.71 mm long, glabrous, margin ciliate; bracteoles triangular, 0.40.6 mm long, glabrous, margin ciliate; pedicel 12 mm, sparsely hairy. Pistillate flowers 22.5 mm long; sepals 5, ovate, reflexed, 1.21.5 mm long, fleshy, glabrous, margin ciliate; ovary ellipsoid to globose, 1.52 mm, 3- (or 4-)locular, punctulate, glabrous; stigmas sessile, broad, apically bifid to c. halfway, flattened on top of the ovary, straight, 0.51 mm long, papillate to laciniate above, glabrous, connate to ovary beneath. Infructescences 311 by c. 0.8 mm, sparsely tomentose, glabrescent; fruiting pedicel 25 mm long, sparsely tomentose, glabrescent. Fruits subovoid to globose, not stiped, not beaked, 1225 by 1225 mm, smooth, young ones ridged along the sutures, drying light yellow-brown, glabrous; pericarp 0.56 mm thick, fleshy when mature; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 2 or 3, half-terete, ovoid, 910 by 89 by c. 4 mm.
Section Aporosa.
Distribution Malesia: ?North Borneo, Philippines.
Habitat & Ecology Virgin or secondary forest or old logging areas; in lower storey. Soil (brown) clay. Altitude: 35380 m. Flowering: February to April; fruiting: April to September and November. The fruit is recorded odourless and edible.
Vernacular names Mayagbon (Siti Bis.).
Notes 1. Airy Shaw (1972) united A. banahaensis, including its synonyms A. similis and A. agusanensis, with A. frutescens, but in my view they represent distinct species. Aporosa banahaensis, though similar in foliage, has interrupted staminate inflorescences and pistillate flowers with papillate to laciniate stigmas. The fruits are characteristic in their two phases: the ovoid, thin, young ones (A. similis) and the mature globose, thick fleshy ones (Baccaurea banahaensis). Many species in the section Aporosa are inseparable in foliage, but differ in shape and size of stigmas and fruits, and in interruptions of the staminate glomerules. Aporosa banahaensis differs in all these characters from A. frutescens, and is consequently kept separate. The state of the type of A. banahaensis, one immature, malformed fruit, may have added to the confusion of these two species.
2. In the areas were A. frutescens and A. banahaensis co-occur the foliar distinction is even less: A. frutescens has a lesser indumentum on Luzon than on Borneo, and A. banahaensis on Luzon has smaller and thinner leaves than elsewhere in the Philippines. The similar subglabrous leaves of A. frutescens occur also in Sabah. Two specimens from Sabah, Tawau, SAN 30541 and Maidin 4138, bear immature staminate inflorescences whose interruptions appear to exclude A. frutescens. A further two collections from Sandakan, SAN 36602 and SAN 36921, have young fruits with prominent laciniate stigmas. These four collections may be A. banahaensis, but additional evidence is needed to reliably show that A. banahaensis occurs in Sabah.
Aporosa basilanensis Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., Bot. 9 (1914) 471; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 94; Merr., Enum. Philipp. Flow. Pl. 2 (1923) 410; Airy Shaw, Enum. Philipp. Flow. Pl. (1983); Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 324, fig. 3.6o, 3.8f, 4.5b; map 10.53. Type: BS (Reillo) 16168 (holo K; iso BM, P; photo A), Philippines, Basilan.
Tree, up to 25 m high, up to 30 cm diameter. Bark greenish, greyish, or brownish, smooth to scaly, sometimes flaking; inner bark pinkish, yellowish, orange-brown, or brownish (grey). Wood yellow to pale white. Young branches tomentose. Stipules not seen, early caducous. Petiole terete, adaxially sometimes lowly grooved, 617 by 1.22 mm, tomentose, lower pulvinus 1.52 by 1.52 mm, indistinct, upper pulvinus 2.56 by 23 mm, distinct. Leaves narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, 1221 by 3.57 cm; base rounded to cuneate, basal glands absent; margin (very) lowly undulate, marginal glands few, small, black, indistinct; apex acuminate; blade thinnish, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying greenish brown to reddish brown above, (light) brownish beneath, glabrous above, sparsely hirsute beneath, midrib tomentose; dots irregularly laxly set, greyish, often indistinct; disc-like glands seldom few present, small, along the margin. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 1012 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches rather distinct, 12.5 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation fading, laxly reticulate, flat above, slightly prominent to flat beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 25 clustered together, 1847 by 1.52.2 mm, tomentose; peduncle 2.510 by 0.50.8 mm; bracts broadly triangular, 0.71 mm long, inconspicuous, hairy outside, sparsely hairy inside, margin ciliate; glomerules approximately ellipsoid, consisting of 913 rather densely set flowers, 1.52 by 11.5 mm, spaced at 23 mm at base of rachis, decreasing to 0 mm at apex; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 0.50.8 mm long; sepals 4 (or 5), narrowly obovate, 0.81 mm long, connate at base, scarious, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; stamens (2 or) 3, not to slightly exserted, 0.81 mm long; anthers c. 0.3 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode minute, lumpy, resembling an undeveloped anther. Pistillate inflorescences 14 clustered together, 2341 by 0.81 mm, tomentose, the flowers up to 11, laxly set along the rachis; bracts triangular, 1.51.7 mm long, hairy outside, hairy at base only inside, margin ciliate; bracteoles ovate, 0.50.8 mm long, hairy outside, hairy at base only inside; pedicel 11.5 mm long, tomentose. Pistillate flowers 2.53 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, patent, 11.5 mm long, thin, hairy outside, sparsely hairy near base inside; ovary ovoid, 22.5 mm long, 2-locular, smooth, (sparsely) sericeous; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, slightly recurved, apically bifid to near base, 22.5 mm long, ribbed above, margins papillate, glabrous, lowly papillate beneath, style remnant absent. Infructescences 2758 by 11.5 mm, (sparsely) tomentose; fruiting pedicel 26 mm long, (sparsely) tomentose. Fruits ovoid to slightly flask-shaped, not stiped, beaked, 1319 by 1013 mm, punctulate, drying orangish brown, sparsely puberulous; pericarp 0.81.5 mm thick, slightly fleshy; apex of endocarp caudate; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 13, half-terete, ellipsoid, 1011 by 68 by 34 mm.
Section Sundanenses.
Distribution Malesia: Borneo, Philippines.
Habitat & Ecology Primary, mixed dipterocarp forest and in logging areas; on hill sides, hill tops, flat land, and along river banks. Soil: basalt or clayish, yellow. Altitude: 301450 m. Flowering: March to May; fruiting: February to December.
Vernacular names Borneo: Janggau, kayu ma(s)sam (Iban).
Aporosa benthamiana Hook.f., Ic. Pl. 16 (1887) t. 1583; Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 352; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 279; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 84; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 236; Corner, Wayside Trees Malaya 1 (1940) 237; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Sandakan 7 (1967) 33; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 59; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 33; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 276, fig. 3.7n, 3.8q, 3.11g, 4.7b; map 10.34. Lectotype (designated by Schot, 2004): Maingay 2381 KD 1416 (holo K; iso L), Malacca.
?Aporosa euphlebia Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., Bot. 11 (1916) 62; Enum. Born. Pl. (1921) 330; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 84. Type: Native Collector 2823 (n.v.), Sarawak.
Aporosa stipulosa Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., Bot. 6 (1920) 547. Aporosa lunata (Miq.) Kurz var. philippinensis Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 82. Aporosa lunata (Miq.) Kurz var. stipulosa (Merr.) Merr., Enum. Philip. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 410, nom. illegit. Type: M.S. Clemens 968 (n.v.), Philippines, Mindanao.
Aporosa grandifolia Merr., Pl. Elmer. Born. (1929) 143. Type: Elmer 20944 (iso BM, BO, K, L, P), Sabah, Tawau.
Aporosa spec. Merr., Pl. Elmer. Born. (1929) 144. Specimen: Elmer 21233 (BO, BM, BR, K, L, M, P), Sabah, Elphinstone Prov., Tawau.
Tree, up to 30 m high, up to 35 cm diameter. Bark grey, (chocolate) brown, brown-white, or brown-green mottled, smooth or rough, slightly flaky; inner bark brownish, red, pink, yellow, or white. Wood brownish red, ochre, or yellow. Twigs white mottled greenish brown, (sparsely) puberulous. Stipules falcate, 620 by 1137 mm, black disc-like glands along margin beneath, sparsely hairy at base beneath, glabrescent, often persistent. Petiole terete, smooth, 1228 by 24 mm, sparsely pubescent, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 24 by 34 mm, upper pulvinus 511 by 36 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate (to linear elliptic), 1450 by 412 cm; base cordate, basal glands absent; margin subentire to lowly undulate, marginal glands few, small, black, in margin, often indistinct; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thick, smooth, shiny, not brittle, drying greenish brown, brownish, or sometimes bluish above, (golden) brown beneath, glabrous above, midrib and nerves sparsely puberulous beneath, glabrescent; dots irregularly laxly set, fine, blackish, fading; disc-like glands regular, distinct, black, along the margin. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 1218 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 36 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, densely reticulate, slightly prominent to flat above, (slightly) prominent beneath. Inflorescences born on the branches. Staminate inflorescences 610 clustered together, 1235 by 24 mm, puberulous; peduncle 24 by 11.5 mm; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 0.50.7 mm long, hairy outside, glabrous inside; glomerules indistinct, ellipsoid, consisting of more than 10 densely set flowers, 36 by 23 mm, continuously spaced along apical part of the rachis; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 1.52 mm long; sepals 4 (or 5), elliptic, 0.60.8 mm long, connate to c. halfway, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; stamens 2 (or 3), strongly exserted, 1.52.5 mm long; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode cylindrical, c. 0.3 mm long, hairy at apex. Pistillate inflorescences 35 clustered together, 611 by c. 2 mm, puberulous, flowers up to 15, densely set at upper 3/4 of the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.51 mm long, hairy outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles ovate, 0.50.7 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; pedicel 00.5 mm long, puberulous. Pistillate flowers 24 mm long; sepals (4 or) 5, ovate, patent, 0.70.9 mm long, thin, hairy outside, glabrous inside; ovary ellipsoid, 24 mm long, 3- (or 4-)locular, smooth, sericeous at base, glabrescent towards apex; stigmas sessile, elongated, flattened to the sides of the ovary, apically bifid to near base, straight, 25 mm long, smooth above and beneath, glabrous, style remnant absent. Infructescences 823 by 1.53 mm, sparsely puberulous; fruiting pedicel 0.54 mm long, sparsely puberulous. Fruits ovoid, not stiped, not beaked, 1318 by 1118 mm, slightly punctulate to smooth, drying (dark) brown, sparsely hairy, glabrescent; pericarp 0.53 mm thick, mostly not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 3, half-terete, ellipsoid, 811 by 58 by 34 mm.
Section Benthamianae.
Distribution Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines.
Habitat & Ecology In primary, disturbed, and secondary forest; on flat land, hills, or ridges; in lower montane, alluvial, or heath forest. Soil: rich sandy, sandy clay, clay loam, or clay. Altitude: 151185 m. Flowering: May to November; fruiting: March to December. Fruit eaten by monkeys.
Vernacular names Peninsular Malaysia: Kaun semasak, sebasah (Malay). Borneo: Kayu masam (Iban); natu tundu, kayu kadang daun (Kelabit); kumpang (Lundu Distr.); binang (Murut).
Notes 1. Two specimens from high altitude have a thick fleshy pericarp.
2. In my opinion the description of the stipules of A. euphlebia (Merrill, 1916) hardly points to any Aporosa species, though the inflorescence does. It might be a mixtum, but I retain the synonymy, because I was unable to locate the type specimen.
Aporosa brassii Mansfield, J. Arnold Arbor. 10 (1929) 77; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 29; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 285, fig. 3.6w, 3.8h; map 10.38. Type: Brass 1049 (holo A; iso K, P), Papua New Guinea, Vailala river.
(Small or slender) tree, up to 22.5 m high, up to 25 cm diameter. Bark blackish brown to brown to light grey, rough, fissured, or striate; inner bark reddish brown to red, orange-brown, or pale pink. Wood reddish straw, or creamy brown to white. Young branches densely tomentose. Stipules falcate, 24 by 811 mm, tomentose, present in young stages. Petiole terete, adaxially grooved, 616 by 1.52.2 mm, densely tomentose, lower pulvinus 1.52 by 23 mm, upper pulvinus 36 by 2.53.5 mm, both indistinct under indumentum. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly obovate, 1121 by 49.5 cm; base cordate to rounded, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, recurved, marginal glands regular, distinct, grey to black; apex acuminate to cuspidate; thickish, smooth, not brittle, dull, drying greyish brown to reddish green above, brown beneath; dots irregularly densely set, very fine, blackish, fading; disc-like glands seldom few at base within marginal arches, hairy; sparsely tomentose above, midrib tomentose, tomentose beneath. Nervation: midrib (slightly) prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 915 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, in older leaves slightly sunken, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 0.51.5 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation rather distinct, densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, slightly prominent to flat above, in older leaves slightly sunken, (slightly) prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary to just below the leaves or on the upper branches. Staminate inflorescences 16 clustered together, 1669 by 24 mm, densely tomentose, glabrescent; peduncle 417 by 0.81 mm; bracts triangular, rather conspicuous, 1.22 mm long, (sparsely) villose outside, glabrous inside, ciliate; glomerules ellipsoid, consisting of up to 20 densely set flowers, 24 by 1.52 mm, spaced at 15 mm at base of rachis, decreasing to 0 mm at apex (ramineous ones) to almost continuous (axillary ones); pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 1.52.5 mm long; sepals 4 (or 5), narrowly elliptic, 0.71.5 mm long, connate to c. halfway, sparsely villose outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; stamens 24, exserted, 1.53 mm long; anthers 0.20.3 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode cylindric, minute, sparsely hairy. Pistillate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 821 by 1.52 mm, densely tomentose; flowers up to 13, rather densely set along the rachis; bracts triangular, 1.52 mm long, villose outside, very sparsely puberulous inside, margin ciliate; bracteoles triangular, 0.81.2 mm long, tomentose outside, very sparsely puberulous inside; pedicel 11.5 mm long, densely tomentose. Pistillate flowers 46 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, ascending, 0.81.2 mm long, thin, densely tomentose outside, glabrous inside; ovary ovoid, 2.54 mm long, 3- or 4-locular, smooth, densely tomentose; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, apically bifid to near base, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, straight, 1.52.5 mm long, densely laciniate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, sparsely tomentose, style remnant present. Infructescences 1839 by 23 mm, densely tomentose; fruiting pedicel 37 mm long, tomentose. Fruits ovoid, not stiped, beaked, 1116 by 1016 mm, (sub)smooth, drying dark (reddish) brown, sparsely tomentose; pericarp 1.53 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 24, half-terete, ovoid, 912 by 710 by 35 mm.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua New Guinea.
« = A. annulata;
l = A. brassii
Habitat & Ecology In secondary, savannah, gallery, cloud, and rain forest; in substage or regrowth; on rather dry land; on (steep) slopes, hills, gullies, in flat areas, along roads or near creek banks; with Castanopsis or Nothofagus. Altitude: 61260 m. Flowering: August, September; fruiting: May to November.
Vernacular names Nasake (New Britain).
Notes 1. There are two forms, one with continuous axillary staminate inflorescences and the other with interrupted staminate inflorescences on the upper branches. Perhaps they represent two species. As yet, I have found no differences in foliage or in fruit (which are all on the upper branches). It may be that they are just two different stages in the development of the tree.
2. Contrary to Mansfield (1929), I do not think that this species is particularly related to A. reticulata.
Aporosa brevicaudata Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 98; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 29; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 387, fig. 3.5p, 3.8g, 3.11j, 10.6; map 10.39. Neotype (Schot, 2004): LAE (Wiakabu & Katik) 73416 (holo K; iso L) Papua New Guinea, Western Highlands.
Aporosa squarrosa Airy Shaw & Gage, Kew Bull. 20 (1966) 25; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 33. Type: Eyma 4303 (holo L; iso BO), Indonesia, Papua Barat, Wissel Lakes.
Shrub or tree, up to 18 m high, up to 25 cm diameter. Bark brown; inner bark cream-green. Wood creamy straw. Young branches sparsely puberulous. Stipules narrowly ovate, slightly oblique, 33.5 by 0.71 mm, sparsely puberulous beneath, caducous. Petiole terete, often adaxially grooved, 38 by 11.5 mm, often entirely pulvinate, sparsely puberulous. Leaves elliptic to (narrowly) obovate, 39.5 by 14 cm; base attenuate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands few, small, black, often indistinct; apex acuminate; thickish, smooth, brittle, dull, drying dark green above, blackening, (dark) brown beneath; dots densely set, fine, blackish, fading; disc-like glands occasionally few, along margin, large, black; only midrib very sparsely puberulous above, very sparsely puberulous beneath, midrib and nerves sparsely puberulous, glabrescent. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 79 pairs, flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 12 mm from margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, laxly reticulate, flat above, slightly prominent to flat beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 1126 by 22.5 mm, subglabrous; peduncle 24 by 0.50.8 mm; bracts (broadly) triangular, conspicuous, 1.42.5 mm long, subglabrous outside, glabrous inside, margin sparsely ciliate; glomerules subglobose, consisting of 3 or 4 laxly set flowers, 1.82.5 by 11.5 mm, spaced at 0.51 mm at base of rachis, decreasing to 0 mm at apex; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 1.52.5 mm long; sepals (3 or) 4, elliptic, 1.21.8 mm long, connate to c. halfway, very sparsely hairy outside, glabrescent, glabrous inside, margin sparsely ciliate; stamens 2(4), slightly exserted, 12 mm long; anthers 0.60.8 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences single, 49 by 0.50.8 mm, sparsely puberulous; flowers up to 3, laxly arranged at apical end of rachis; bracts triangular, 1.31.7 mm long, glabrous, margin ciliate; bracteoles triangular, 0.50.8 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; pedicel 0.30.8 mm long, sparsely puberulous. Pistillate flowers 23.5 mm long; sepals 4, narrowly ovate, subequal, ascending, 11.8 mm long, thin, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; occasionally 2 fertile stamens present, as in staminate flowers; ovary narrowly ovoid, 1.22.5 mm long, 2-locular, smooth, sericeous at base, glabrescent towards apex; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, apically bifid to near base, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, straight, 12 mm long, longitudinally ribbed above, glabrous, smooth beneath, sparsely puberulous, style remnant present. Infructescences 1339 by 0.81 mm, sparsely puberulous; fruiting pedicel 24 mm long, sparsely puberulous. Fruits narrowly ellipsoid, not stiped, beaked, 1619 by 69 mm, punctulate, drying greyish brown, sparsely hairy; pericarp 0.50.8 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 1 or 2, half-terete, ellipsoid, c. 9 by 5 by 3 mm.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua Barat, Papua New Guinea.
« = A. brevicaudata;
l = A. carrii
Habitat & Ecology Primary, secondary and montane rain forest, undergrowth. Soil sandy or clayey. Altitude: 16501800 m. Flowering: December, January, March, May, June; fruiting: June.
Vernacular names Iekiemoeja, iekomoja, ekiemoja, kiemoja (Kapaukoe); tomalart (Enga); dili (Baliem Valley).
Notes 1. The selected neotype bears, as the original Ledermann collections, oblique, fusiform, bilocular fruits. The leaf of this specimen is exactly that of Airy Shaw & Gages A. squarrosa, which is staminate. Both fruiting and staminate specimens have characteristic short pulvinate petioles and large distinct bracts.
2. The specimen Carr 15301 assigned to this species by Airy Shaw (1980a) is Perrottetia alpestris (Blume) Loes. subsp. moluccana (Blume) Ding Hou (Celastraceae).
3. Though Airy Shaw and Gage (1966) published the species as A. squarrosa, the name attached to the type sheet reads A. macrandra.
4. See note under A. parvula.
Aporosa bullatissima Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1966) 379; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 34; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 278, map 10.35. Type: S (Rosli) 3353 (holo K; iso BO, L, SING), Sarawak, Baram.
Tree, up to 25 m high, up to 30 cm diam.; buttresses up to 2.5 m high. Bark grey to red-brown, smooth. Wood yellow. Young branches tomentose. Stipules falcate, 47 by 815 mm, present in young stages, black disc-like glands along margin beneath, sericeous at base beneath, glabrescent. Petiole terete, smooth, 817 by 1.52 mm, tomentose, glabrescent, lower pulvinus c. 2 by 2 mm, upper pulvinus 23 by 22.5 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, some linear elliptic, 920 by 25 cm; base rounded, basal glands absent; margin subentire to lowly undulate, marginal glands few, black, in margin; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thick, smooth, strongly bullate, shiny, sometimes brittle, drying greenish to reddish brown above, brownish beneath, only midrib sparsely hirsute above, sparsely hirsute beneath; dots irregularly set, fine, blackish, fading; disc-like glands present regular, distinct, black, along margin. Nervation: midrib sunken above, prominent beneath; nerves 911 pairs, sunken above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 23 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, rather laxly reticulate, slightly scalariform, flat to sunken above, (slightly) prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 35 clustered together, 919 by 2.54 mm, puberulous; peduncle 34 by 11.5 mm; bracts not seen; glomerules probably ellipsoid, indistinct, consisting of up to 12 densely set flowers, spaced continuously at apical part of the rachis; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 1.51.8 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, 0.30.5 mm long, connate to c. halfway, sericeous outside, glabrous inside; stamens 2, strongly exserted, 1.52 mm long; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode a minute hair tuft. Pistillate inflorescences clustering not seen, 47 by 0.81.2 mm, puberulous, flowers up to 11, densely set at apical 3/4th of rachis; bracts and bracteoles not seen; pedicel 0.51 mm long, puberulous. Pistillate flowers 1.52.2 mm long; sepals 5 or 6, subequal, ovate, patent, 0.51 mm long, thin, hairy outside, glabrous inside; staminodes erratically 2 or 3 present; ovary ellipsoid, 1.22 mm long, 3-locular, smooth, sericeous at base, glabrescent towards apex; stigmas sessile, elongated, flattened to the sides of the ovary, apically bifid to near base, straight, 1.52.5 mm long, smooth above and beneath, glabrous, style remnant absent. Infructescences, fruits, and seeds not seen, septae and column in flower glabrous.
Section Benthamianae.
Distribution Malesia: Borneo.
l = A. bullatissima;
« = A. sylvestri
Habitat & Ecology Primary forest; on hills or ridges. Soil: sandy clay on igneous rock. Altitude: 451200 m. Flowering: March, July to September.
Aporosa caloneura Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23 (1969) 5; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 34; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 326, map 10.54. Type: J. & M.S. Clemens 40625 (holo K; iso A, BM, L), Sabah, Mt Kinabalu.
Tree, up to 30 m high, up to 35 cm diameter. Bark brown(ish) or grey(ish) or whitish, smooth; inner bark reddish (orange) or reddish brown. Wood light brown or grey-white to yellowish. Young branches whitish brown, very sparsely puberulous. Stipules not seen, early caducous. Petiole terete, smooth, 1131 by 1.52 mm, very sparsely puberulous, lower pulvinus 1.52.5 by 22.5 mm, indistinct, upper pulvinus 35 by 23 mm, distinct. Leaves (narrowly) elliptic to narrowly obovate, 720 by 38 cm; base rounded to slightly attenuate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands regular, distinct, black; apex acuminate; blade thickish, smooth, often shiny, older ones brittle, drying greenish brown above, brownish beneath, glabrous above, only midrib and nerves at base very sparsely puberulous beneath, glabrescent; dots irregularly laxly set, distinct, black, fading; disc-like glands seldom few present, small, along the margin. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 711 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 24 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, rather densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, slightly prominent to flat above, slightly prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 926 by 23 mm, sparsely puberulous; peduncle 1.54 by 0.81.2 mm; bracts broadly triangular, 0.81 mm long, inconspicuous, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; glomerules subglobose, 23 by 1.52 mm, consisting of 810 laxly set flowers, spaced at 15 mm at base of rachis, decreasing to 0 mm at apex; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 1.52 mm long; sepals 4, narrowly obovate, 11.5 mm long, connate at base only, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; stamens 2 or 3, exserted, 1.21.5 mm long; anthers 0.30.4 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode cylindrical, c. 0.2 mm long, apically hairy. Pistillate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 1440 by 11.2 mm, sparsely puberulous; flowers up to 9, rather laxly set along the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 11.5 mm long, glabrous, margin ciliate; bracteoles triangular, 0.81 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; pedicel 12 mm long, sparsely puberulous. Pistillate flowers 34 mm long; sepals 3 or 4, ovate, subequal, patent, 0.81.5 (0.30.5) mm long, thin, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; ovary ovoid, 2.53 mm long, 2- or 3-locular, rugose, subglabrous; stigmas raised, elongated, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, recurved, apically bifid to near base, 1.52.5 mm long, rather smooth above, margins lowly laciniate, glabrous, lowly papillate beneath, glabrous, style remnant absent. Infructescences 1941 by c. 1.5 mm, very sparsely puberulous; fruiting pedicel 35 mm long, sparsely puberulous. Fruits (narrowly) ovoid to ellipsoid, young ones slightly stiped and beaked, 1522 by 914 mm, punctulate to smooth, drying dark brown to black, glabrous; pericarp 11.5 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 13, half-terete, ovoid, 1013 by 47 by 34 mm.
Section Sundanenses.
Distribution Malesia: Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology Primary, secondary forest, kerangas; on hill sides, ridges, slopes, and along river sides. Soil: sandy or sandstone. Altitude: 301460 m. Flowering: March, May, September to November; fruiting: March, April, September to November.
Notes 1. Some specimens smell like fenugreek.
2. Specimen S (Pickles) 2943 from high kerangas has extremely thick leaves, but equals in other characters A. caloneura.
Aporosa carrii Schot, Blumea 40 (1995) 454; Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 289, fig. 3.6z, 3.10d; map 10.39. Type: Carr 13285 (holo L; iso BM, K), Papua New Guinea, Boridi.
Tree, up to 24 m high, up to 10 cm diameter. Bark (greyish) brown, smooth to slightly fissured, c. 4 mm thick; inner bark pink or pale salmon to light brown. Wood white, creamish, pale yellow, or straw, rayed. Young branches very sparsely puberulous, glabrescent. Stipules slightly falcate, 57 by 35 mm, very sparsely puberulous beneath, caducous. Petiole terete, adaxially grooved, 823 by 0.81 mm, very sparsely puberulous, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 11.5 by 11.2 mm, upper pulvinus 23 by 1.21.5 mm, both rather distinct. Leaves (narrowly) ovate, 514.5 by 27 cm; base cordate to obtuse, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to irregularly lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands regular, small, greyish, rather indistinct; apex acuminate to cuspidate; thickish, shiny, not brittle, smooth, drying greyish green or brown above and beneath; dots rather densely set, fine, greyish, fading; disc-like glands few, small, scattered at base within marginal arches; glabrous above, midrib and nerves sparsely puberulous beneath, glabrescent. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 58 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 1.53 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation fading, densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, slightly prominent to flat above, slightly prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 24 clustered together, 1331 by 1.52 mm, sparsely tomentose; peduncle 36 by 0.30.5 mm; bracts triangular, inconspicuous, 11.5 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; glomerules subglobose, consisting of 812 laxly set flowers, 1.52 by 1.21.8 mm, spaced at 1.53 mm at base of rachis, decreasing to 0 mm at apex; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 1.22.5 mm long; sepals 4, elliptic, 0.51 mm long, connate to less than halfway, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; stamens 3, exserted, 1.53 mm long; anthers 0.40.5 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode cylindrical, 0.10.5 mm long, sparsely tomentose. Pistillate inflorescences 1 or 2 clustered together, 1735 by 0.30.5 mm, sparsely tomentose; flowers up to 9, laxly set at base of rachis, more densely at apex; bracts broadly triangular, 0.81 mm long, sparsely tomentose at base only outside, sparsely tomentose at base of margins only inside; bracteoles ovate, 0.40.6 mm long, sparsely tomentose outside, glabrous inside; pedicel 36 mm long, sparsely tomentose. Pistillate flowers 35 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, ascending, 0.71 mm long, thin, sparsely tomentose outside, glabrous inside; staminodes occasionally 1 or 2 present, 0.30.4 mm long; ovary ovoid, 23.5 mm long, (2- or) 3-locular, smooth, sericeous; stigmas raised, elongated, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, slightly recurved, apically bifid to c. halfway, 1.82.5 mm long, ribbed and laxly laciniate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, sparsely hairy, style remnant absent. Infructescences 2141 by 0.81.2 mm, very sparsely tomentose; fruiting pedicel 25 mm long, very sparsely tomentose. Fruits ovoid, not stiped, young ones beaked, 1015 by 913 mm, almost smooth, drying greyish brown, very sparsely puberulous; pericarp 0.31 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 1 or 2, half-terete, ellipsoid, 79 by 68 by 24 mm.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua New Guinea.
« = A. brevicaudata;
l = A. carrii
Habitat & Ecology Lower montane to montane forest; on ridges, or in gullies; in advanced regrowth. Altitude: 10501830 m. Flowering: January to April, September, October; fruiting: June, July, October to January.
Vernacular name Umatum (Daga).
Notes 1. This species was interpreted as A. laxiflora by Airy Shaw, but it has fewer nerves and lacks the disc-like glands along the margin.
2. There is a distinct population near Wau which bear fruits and flowers with shorter pedicels (Pratt NG-158, Pratt NG 79-1158, and Hartley 12945) or staminate flowers with large pistillodes (Pratt NG-161 and NGF 20420). These staminate flowers can develop small, shortly pedicelled fruits (as found in the LAE specimen of NGF 20420)!. A subhermaphrodite specimen? These specimens are inseparable from the common A. carrii in vegetative characters. Possibly the hermaphrodite state is developing as a reaction to the higher altitudes (all hermaphrodite specimens occur above 1000 m). The transition to normal staminate specimens is, however, gradual. Also, it is impossible to see whether the staminate specimens with small pistillodes can or cannot develop fruits. The future may show if this variability will become fixed as a new species.
Aporosa chondroneura (Airy Shaw) Schot, Blumea 40 (1995) 451; Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 216, fig. 4.2b, 4.5c; map 10.2. Aporosa prainiana King ex Gage var. chondroneura Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 25 (1971) 476. Aporosa symplocoides (Hook.f.) Gage var. chondroneura (Airy Shaw) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 42. Type: S (Paie) 25808 (holo K; iso L), Sarawak, 3rd division.
Tree, up to 15 m high, up to 13 cm diameter. Bark (pale) brown, yellowish, or grey, smooth to rough; inner bark pale brownish or green. Wood yellowish to whitish. Young branches glabrous. Stipules not seen, caducous, recorded as reniform (= narrowly ovate, oblique). Petiole terete, lowly grooved, 1635 by 1.22 mm, glabrous, lower pulvinus 25 by 1.23 mm, upper pulvinus 36 by 1.53.5 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 1332 by 514 cm; base rounded to acute, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands regular, blackish, sometimes indistinct; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thin, lowly white granular above, venation regularly white granular beneath, dull, not brittle, drying dark green-grey above and beneath, nervation lighter, completely glabrous; dots irregularly set, fine, grey, mostly indistinct; disc-like glands few, small, along margin. Nervation: midrib (slightly) prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 811 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 1.52.5 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, slightly prominent to flat. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 1543 by 0.20.4 mm, very sparsely tomentose, glabrescent; peduncle 1.52.5 by 0.50.8 mm; bracts broadly triangular, 0.81 mm long, inconspicuous, glabrous, margin ciliate; glomerules subglobose, 11.5 by 0.81.2 mm, consisting of 610 densely set flowers, spaced at 0.52 mm along the rachis; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 0.81.2 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, obovate, 0.81.2 mm long, connate at base, glabrous, margin ciliate; stamens 2 or 3, slightly exserted, 0.60.9 mm long; anthers 0.20.3 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode minute, lumpy. Pistillate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 732 by 0.30.8 mm, very sparsely tomentose at base, glabrescent; flowers up to 9, laxly set along the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.60.8 mm long, glabrous outside, hairy at base only inside, margin ciliate; bracteoles ovate, 0.30.5 mm long, glabrous outside, hairy at base only inside, margin ciliate; pedicel 1.56 mm long, sparsely tomentose. Pistillate flowers 1.53 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, reflexed, 1.21.5 mm long, rather fleshy, glabrous outside, hairy at base only inside, margin ciliate; ovary ovoid to ellipsoid, 1.52 mm long, 3-locular, smooth, glabrous; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, perpendicular to sides of ovary, slightly recurved, apically bifid to c. halfway, 0.81 mm long, lowly papillate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, style remnant present. Infructescences 1454 by 0.81.2 mm, glabrous; fruiting pedicel 214 mm long, sparsely tomentose. Fruits ovoid to ellipsoid, not stiped, not beaked, 1013 by 811 mm, punctate, slightly ridged at sutures, drying (light) brownish yellow, glabrous; pericarp 0.81.2 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 13, half-terete, ellipsoid, 7.59 by 6.57 by 33.5 mm.
Section Aporosa.
Distribution Malesia: Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology Primary, evergreen, (un)disturbed dipterocarp forest; on (steep) hills, small mountain tops, submontane forest, and along riverbanks; in (heavy) sloping country. Soil: sandy, sandstone, or basalt; brown or yellow. Altitude: 4501250 m. Flowering: March, August to October; fruiting: April to October, December. Fruit said to have acid smell and bitter taste.
Vernacular names Bua kelabo, janggau (Iban); Kayu Lieng (Pujungan).
Aporosa confusa Gage, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 9 (1922) 229; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 238; Meijer, Bot. News. Bull. Sandakan 7 (1967) 35; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 59; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 34; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 254; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 217, fig. 4.6b, 10.1; map 10.3. Lectotype (designated by Schot, 2004): Ridley 6486 (holo SING; iso K), Singapore, Bukit Timah.
Aporosa mollis Merr., Pl. Elmer. Born. (1929) 144; Meijer, Bot. News. Bull. Sandakan 7 (1967) 35. Type: Elmer 21765 (holo A; iso L), Sabah, Tawau.
Tree, up to 20 m high, up to 28 cm diameter. Bark blackish, (dark) brown, pale reddish, green to grey, or whitish, thin, smooth; inner bark light brown, greenish brown, or yellowish white. Wood orange, (pale) yellow, or whitish. Young branches tomentose. Stipules narrowly ovate, oblique, 35 by 89 mm, black glands along margin beneath, sparsely hairy, present in young stages. Petiole terete, grooved, 819 by 12 mm, tomentose, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 23 by c. 2 mm, upper pulvinus 37 by 1.83.5 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to (narrowly) elliptic, 925.5 by 410 cm; base rounded to acute, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands many, distinct, black or brown; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thinnish, young leaves lowly granular above and beneath, dull, not brittle, drying (dark) grey-green above and beneath, sometimes brownish or yellowish, nervation lighter below, sparsely hirsute, midrib and nerves hirsute beneath, glabrescent; dots irregularly set, fine, grey, mostly indistinct; disc-like glands seldom few, small, greyish, along the margin. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 1014 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 1.22 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, fading above, rather densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, flat to slightly sunken above, slightly prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 1232 by 59 mm, tomentose; peduncle 0.58 by 11.5 mm; bracts inconspicuous, broadly triangular, 0.30.5 mm long, sparsely puberulous; glomerules sometimes slightly interrupted at base of rachis, densely massed at apical end of rachis, ellipsoid, indistinct, consisting of more than 10 densely set flowers; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 0.50.8 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, 0.30.6 mm long, connate at base, sparsely hairy outside, glabrescent, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; stamens 2, slightly exserted, 0.51 mm long; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences not seen, induced from infructescences to be 1 or 2 clustered together, tomentose, flowers single at apical end of rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.50.8 mm long, puberulous; bracteoles ovate, 0.30.5 mm long, puberulous; pedicel present, tomentose. Pistillate flowers not seen; sepals in young fruit 6 or 7, ovate, reflexed, 1.21.5 mm long, fleshy, puberulous; ovary probably globose to ellipsoid, 3- (or 4-)locular, smooth, puberulous; stigmas sessile, broad, apically almost completely divided, flattened on top of the ovary, straight, 0.81 mm long, apically laciniate to papillate above, glabrous, connate to the ovary beneath. Infructescences 36 by 1.52.5 mm, tomentose; fruiting pedicel 39 mm long, tomentose. Fruits globose to broadly elliptic, not stiped, not beaked, 1621 by 1622 mm, smooth, drying brownish orange, sparsely tomentose; pericarp 25.5 mm thick, fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 14, half-terete, ellipsoid, 912 by 810 by 45 mm.
Section Aporosa.
Distribution Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology Primary, secondary, open bamboo, and disturbed (dense) forest; on hillsides, low ridges, ridge tops, along rivers, roadsides, and in orchards; undulating or flatland. Soil: clay, loamy, lime, sandstone, or basalt, brownish to black. Altitude: low to 575 m. Flowering: March to May, August, October, December; fruiting: April to January. Fruit said to be edible.
Vernacular names Peninsular Malaysia: Sebasah, panatan (Malay). Sumatra: Punding undang, limpaung, medang bubu. Borneo: Janggau, jangit, kayu masam (Iban); kayu untut ayam (Jelai); lumbit (Muru); kayu bloo tui, kayu puchat, kayu untut ayam (Temuan).
Uses Wood for house building.
Notes 1. Aporosa confusa is most quickly recognized by the grey-green tomentose leaves with often lighter coloured venation on the lower side. The sunken venation can superficially resemble that of A. lunata.
2. Sometimes the mucilage cells in the leaf are so large that the younger leaves show a clear punctation analogue to the oil dots of Rutaceae.
Aporosa decipiens Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 83; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 30; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 290, map 10.40. Neotype (Schot, 2004): NGF (Ridsdale & Galore) 33470 (holo LAE; iso BO, K, L), Papua New Guinea, Western Prov., Kiunga.
(Small) tree, up to 9 m high, up to 10 cm diameter. Bark (dark black) brown, smooth; inner bark light brown to wine red. Wood light brown to pale yellow. Young branches densely hirsute. Stipules falcate, 58 by 914 mm, sparsely hirsute beneath, persistent. Petiole terete, ridged, 610 by 1.21.8 mm, densely hirsute, lower pulvinus c. 1.5 by 1.5 mm, upper pulvinus 23 by 1.52 mm, both indistinct under indumentum. Leaves narrowly elliptic, 1118 by 2.55.5 cm; base cordate to rounded, basal glands absent; margin lowly glandular-dentate, recurved, marginal glands many, distinct, black or hairy; apex acuminate to cuspidate; thinnish, dull, rather brittle, smooth, drying bluish or greyish green above, brown beneath; dots absent; disc-like glands absent; only midrib hirsute above, sparsely hirsute beneath, midrib and nerves hirsute, glabrescent. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 1215 pairs, flat to sunken above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 1.53 mm from margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, rather laxly reticulate, slightly prominent above, slightly sunken in older leaves, (slightly) prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 2 or 3 clustered together, only very young ones seen, 58 by 1.52.5 mm, densely tomentose; peduncle, bracts, and glomerules not seen. Staminate flowers not seen. Pistillate inflorescences 1 or 2 clustered together, 35 by 1.21.5 mm, densely tomentose; flowers 5 or 7, densely set along the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.81.2 mm long, densely hirsute outside, sparsely hairy at base only inside; bracteoles narrowly triangular, 0.51 mm long, densely hirsute outside, glabrous inside; pedicel absent. Pistillate flowers 24 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, patent, 11.5 mm long, thin, densely hirsute outside, sparsely puberulous inside; ovary ellipsoid, 1.52.5 mm long, 3-locular, smooth, densely hirsute; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, apically bifid to near base, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, straight, 1.53 mm long, densely laciniate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, tomentose, style remnant present. Infructescences 57 mm long, 1.52 mm diam., tomentose; fruiting pedicel minute. Fruits ovoid, not stiped, slightly beaked, 912 by 710 mm, punctulate, drying dark brown, (sparsely) hirsute; pericarp 0.52 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 2 or 3, half-terete, ellipsoid, 68 by 46 by 24 mm.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua New Guinea, Western Province.
« = A. decipiens;
q = A. egregia;
l = A. hermaphrodita
Habitat & Ecology Rain forest, forested hills, swamp forest; lowland. Altitude: 3560 m. Flowering: August, September; fruiting: July.
Note Three specimens seen, one very young staminate, a pistillate flowering one, and the neotype, which bears fruits. They agree in most characters with Pax & Hoffmanns description. I have chosen the fruiting specimen as neotype because the fruit is most characteristic for species delimitation in the papuana-group.
Aporosa dendroidea Schot, Blumea 40 (1995) 455; Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 327, fig. 3.8b, 3.11h, 10.9; map 10.55. Type: Van Balgooy 4634 (holo L; iso K), Moluccas, N Buru.
Aporosa sphaeridiophora auct. non Merr.: Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 8.
?Aporosa nervosa auct. non Hook.f.: Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 8.
Tree, up to 12 m high, up to 15 cm diameter. Young branches very sparsely puberulous, glabrescent. Stipules not seen, early caducous. Petiole terete, smooth, 712 by 0.81.2 mm, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 11.5 by 11.2 mm, upper pulvinus 46 by 11.5 mm, both rather distinct. Leaves (narrowly) elliptic, 716 by 35.5 cm; base acute to slightly attenuate, basal glands absent; margin very lowly undulate, marginal glands few, indistinct; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thinnish, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying (dark) greenish grey above, (dark) brownish grey beneath, completely glabrous; dots rather densely set, rather large, distinct, grey to black; disc-like glands scattered near base along margin and within marginal arches, often distinct. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 79 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 24 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation fading, rather laxly reticulate, slightly prominent to flat. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences and staminate flowers not seen. Pistillate inflorescences 1 or 2 clustered together, 714 by 0.50.8 mm, (sparsely) puberulous, flowers up to 6, laxly set at base of rachis, more densely apically; bracts broadly triangular, c. 0.5 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles ovate, c. 0.5 mm long, sparsely sericeous outside, glabrous inside; pedicel 0.51.5 mm long, puberulous. Pistillate flowers 2.53.5 mm long; sepals 4, patent, ovate, 0.50.8 mm long, thin, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; ovary ovoid, 1.53 mm long, 3-locular, smooth, very sparsely puberulous at base, glabrescent towards apex; stigmas raised, elongated, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, recurved, apically bifid to slightly more than halfway, lobes apically bifid or trifid, 12.5 mm long, papillate above, margins laxly laciniate, glabrous, smooth beneath, glabrous, style remnant present. Infructescences 326 by 0.81.5 mm, sparsely puberulous, glabrescent; fruiting pedicel 1.55 mm long, sparsely puberulous. Fruits ovoid to subglobose, not stiped, beaked, 913 by 913 mm, punct(ul)ate, drying light brown, glabrous; pericarp 0.51.2 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 3 (seldom 4), half-terete, ellipsoid, 78 by 57 by 23 mm.
Section Sundanenses.
Distribution Malesia: Moluccas (Ambon, Buru, Seram).
Habitat & Ecology Primary, logged over forest; on steep mountainous land; on ridges. Altitude: 200650 m. Fruiting: February, November. The seed is said to be eaten by birds.
Vernacular names Buru: Bisugebe, belui `epe.
Note Airy Shaw (1982) lists both A. nervosa and A. sphaeridiophora for the Moluccas. The specimens identified as A. sphaeridiophora from the Moluccas (left under this name in the Kew Herbarium by Airy Shaw) are A. dendroidea. I have not seen any specimens from the Moluccas identified as A. nervosa, but they very likely belong to A. dendroidea.
Aporosa egregia Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 29 (1974) 285; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 30; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 292, fig. 3.10c; map 10.40. Type: Brass 12135 (holo K; iso L, LAE), Indonesia, Papua Barat, Idenburg River.
Tree or shrub, up to 18 m high, up to 30 cm diameter. Young branches very sparsely puberulous. Stipules ovate, oblique, 710 by 49 mm, glabrous, present in young stages. Petiole terete, adaxially lowly grooved, 1126 by 11.5 mm, subglabrous, lower pulvinus 12 by 12 mm, indistinct, upper pulvinus 25 by 1.22.2 mm, rather distinct. Leaves narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, 4.511.5 by 25.5 cm; base obtuse to cuneate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands few, thick, black, distinct; apex acute to acuminate; thick, smooth, brittle, slightly shiny, drying brownish above and beneath; dots irregularly laxly set, fine, blackish, fading; disc-like glands seldom few along the margin, small; glabrous above, very sparsely puberulous beneath, glabrescent. Nervation: midrib flat to slightly sunken above, prominent beneath; nerves 68 pairs, flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 13 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation fading, laxly reticulate, flat above, slightly prominent to flat beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 1 or 2 clustered together, 722 by 22.5 mm, subglabrous; peduncle 1.53 by 0.81 mm; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 0.81 mm long, very sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; glomerules subglobose, consisting of 46 laxly set flowers, 22.5 by 1.51.8 mm, spaced at 0.51 mm at base of rachis, decreasing to 0 mm at apex; pedicel absent. Young staminate flowers 0.81 mm long; sepals 4, obovate, 0.60.8 mm long, connate to almost halfway, very sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; stamens 2 (or 3), young ones not exserted, 0.50.7 mm long; anthers 0.40.5 mm long, connective sparsely hairy; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences not seen, induced from infructescence to be ?single, sparsely puberulous; flowers up to 9, rather laxly set at base of rachis, densely apically; bracts broadly triangular, 0.71 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; bracteoles not seen, ?absent; pedicel 0.51 mm long, sparsely puberulous. Pistillate flowers 34.5 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, ascending, 0.51 mm long, very sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; occasionally 2 stamens present, as in staminate flower; ovary narrowly ovoid, 2-locular, smooth, sparsely puberulous at base, glabrescent towards apex; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, perpendicular to or sometimes slightly ascending from the ovary, apically bifid to near base, straight, 1.52 mm long, lowly papillate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, very sparsely puberulous, style remnant present. Infructescences 1924 by 0.81.2 mm, very sparsely puberulous; fruiting pedicel 24 mm long, very sparsely puberulous. Fruits narrowly ellipsoid to fusiform, not stiped, not beaked, 1619 by 79 mm, punctulate, drying dark brown, very sparsely puberulous at base; pericarp 12 mm thick, ?rather fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 1, half-terete, ellipsoid, c. 10 by 5 by c. 4 mm.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua Barat.
« = A. decipiens;
q = A. egregia;
l = A. hermaphrodita
Habitat & Ecology Mossy forest; on slope. Altitude: 18002000 m. Flowering: October; fruiting: January, October.
Aporosa elmeri Merr., Pl. Elmer. Born. (1929) 142; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Sandakan 7 (1967) 35 (excl. fig. = A. illustris Airy Shaw); Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 35; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 331, fig. 3.5l, 3.6q, 3.8m, 3.11e, 4.7c; map 10.57. Type: Elmer 20954 (iso BM, BO, L, P), Sabah, Tawau.
Tree, up to 12 m high, up to 20 cm diameter. Bark pale or dark (red-)brown(ish), whitish, or grey to greenish, smooth, c. 2 mm thick; inner bark brownish, (pale) reddish, pale green, pink, or yellowish. Wood orange to yellow-white. Young branches brown, densely tomentose. Stipules (narrowly) ovate, 613 by 46.5 mm, (densely) tomentose, present in young stages. Petiole terete, rather smooth, older ones adaxially lowly grooved, 819 by 23 mm, (densely) tomentose, lower pulvinus c. 3 by 3 mm, upper pulvinus 47 by 33.5 mm, both indistinct under indumentum. Leaves (narrowly) elliptic to (narrowly) obovate, 1125 by 511 cm; base emarginate to cuneate, basal glands absent; margin (lowly) undulate to glandular-crenate, marginal glands few, small, indistinct; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thinnish, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying dark brownish green above, blackening, light to golden brown beneath, sparsely tomentose above, midrib and nerves tomentose, sparsely tomentose beneath, nervation tomentose, glabrescent; dots irregularly laxly set, fine, grey, often indistinct; disc-like glands absent. Nervation: midrib flat to raised in a furrow above, prominent beneath; nerves 811 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 1.52.5 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, rather densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, slightly prominent to flat above, sometimes near the margins slightly sunken, (slightly) prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 1020 clustered together, 1147 by 0.30.5 mm, sparsely puberulous; peduncle 23 by 0.5 mm; bracts triangular, inconspicuous, 0.20.5 mm long, sericeous outside, glabrous inside; glomerules globose, lax, 0.81.2 by 0.50.8 mm, consisting of 710 densely set flowers, spaced at 13 mm along the rachis; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 0.30.8 mm long; sepals (3 or) 4, narrowly obovate, 0.30.6 mm long, connate at base, sparsely sericeous outside, glabrous inside; stamens 2, slightly exserted, 0.51 mm long; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode minute, lumpy. Pistillate inflorescences 510 clustered together, 654 by 0.50.8 mm, puberulous; flowers up to 21, rather densely set mostly at apical 3/4 of the rachis; bracts triangular, 0.30.5 mm long, sericeous outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles triangular, 0.10.2 mm long, sericeous outside, glabrous inside; pedicel minute, up to 0.3 mm long. Pistillate flowers 1.32 mm long; sepals 4 (or 5), narrowly ovate, patent, 0.60.9 mm long, thin, sparsely sericeous outside, sparsely puberulous at base only inside; ovary ellipsoid, 1.21.5 mm long, 2-locular, densely sericeous; stigmas sessile, elongated, flattened on top and to the sides of the ovary, almost completely divided, straight, 0.81.5 mm long, densely laciniate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, (sparsely) puberulous, style remnant absent. Infructescences 957 by 0.81.5 mm, sparsely tomentose; fruiting pedicel 0.51 mm long, puberulous. Fruits ellipsoid, not stiped, not beaked, 912 by 69 mm, punctate, drying dark (reddish) brown, sparsely sericeous; pericarp 0.51 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 1 (or 2), (half-)terete, ovoid, 79 by 56 by 34 mm.
Section Sundanenses.
Distribution Malesia: Borneo (mostly Sabah).
Habitat & Ecology Primary, old logged, heath forest; on hill sides, hill tops, ridges, mountain ranges, valley bottoms, or flat land. Soil: sandy clay, black or yellow. Altitude: sea level to 750 m. Flowering: January, March to May, August to October; fruiting: February to December.
Vernacular names Panatan, penatan (Dusun); tarinis (Dusun Kinabatangan); kayu mas(s)am (Iban); pahi (Kayan).
Aporosa falcifera Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 352; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 279; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 83; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 236; S.Moore, J. Bot. Brit. & For. 63 Suppl. (1925) 97; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Sandakan 7 (1967) 33; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 215; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 60; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 30; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 255; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 279, fig. 3.5c, 3.6h; map 10.36; Schot & Welzen in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 87, fig. 16c, d. Type: Kings Collector 6574 (holo BM; iso BO, K, P), Peninsular Malaysia, Perak.
Aporosa hosei Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., Bot. 11 (1916) 63; Enum. Born. Pl. (1921) 330; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 84. Type: Hose 92 (iso K, L, P), Sarawak.
Aporosa acuminatissima Merr., Pl. Elmer. Born. (1929) 142 p.p. (type only), nomen illeg., non Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 16 (1920) 546 (= A. sphaeridiophora Merr.). Aporosa merrilliana Govaerts & Radcl.-Sm., Kew Bull. 51 (1996) 175. Type: Elmer 21048 (iso BM, BO, K, L, P), Sabah, Tawau.
Tree, up to 30 m high, up to 40 cm diameter. Bark black to grey brown, smooth, flaky, fissured, sometimes lenticelled, not peeling, 1 mm thick; inner bark red to whitish, soft, 2.5 mm thick. Wood pale brown, reddish to yellowish, or white. Twigs grey, (sparsely) puberulous. Stipules falcate, 49 by 1118 mm, present in young stages, black disc-like glands along margin beneath, puberulous at base beneath, glabrescent. Petiole terete, smooth, 917 by 11.5 mm, sparsely puberulous, lower pulvinus 22.5 by c. 2 mm, upper pulvinus 26 by 1.52.5 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly elliptic, sometimes linear elliptic, 825 by 2.57 cm; base subcordate to rounded, basal glands absent; margin subentire to lowly undulate, marginal glands regular, small, blackish, indistinct, in margin; apex acuminate; blade thickish, smooth, shiny, not brittle, drying bluish green above, golden brownish beneath, glabrous above, midrib and nerves sparsely puberulous beneath; dots irregularly set, fine, greyish, fading; disc-like glands regular to many, along margin, black, mostly distinct. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 1014 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct to slightly fading, 13 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation fading, densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, flat above, slightly prominent to flat beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 25 clustered together, 816 by 23 mm, puberulous; peduncle 14 by 0.51 mm; bracts ovate, inconspicuous, 0.70.9 mm long, hairy outside, glabrous inside; glomerules indistinct, ellipsoid, consisting of 913 densely set flowers, spaced continuously along apical part of the rachis; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 12 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, obovate, 0.30.6 mm long, connate to halfway, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; stamens 2 (or 3), strongly exserted, 11.8 mm long; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode often indistinct. Pistillate inflorescences 2 or 3 clustered together, 715 by 0.81 mm, puberulous, flowers up to 11, densely set at apical 3/4th of rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.20.3 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles ovate, 0.10.2 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; pedicel c. 1 mm long, sericeous. Pistillate flowers 22.5 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, patent, 0.50.7 mm long, thin, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; ovary ellipsoid, 22.5 mm long, 3-locular, smooth, sericeous at base, glabrescent towards apex or subglabrous; stigmas sessile, elongated, flattened to the sides of the ovary, apically bifid to near base, straight, 22.5 mm long, lowly longitudinally ribbed above, glabrous, beneath smooth, glabrous, style remnant absent. Infructescences 925 by 11.5 mm, sericeous; fruiting pedicel 25 mm long, sericeous. Fruits ovoid, not stiped, not beaked, 915 by 612 mm, punctulate to smooth, drying dark to greyish brown, sparsely hairy, glabrescent; pericarp 0.30.8 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 3, half-terete, ellipsoid, 56 by 34 by 23 mm.
Section Benthamianae.
Distribution Malesia: Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo, North Sulawesi.
Habitat & Ecology Primary forest; low undulating land; on ridges, slopes, and along river banks. Soil: sandy loam, rich, dark or greyish. Altitude: 51300 m. Flowering: February, March, September, October; fruiting: February, April to October.
Vernacular names Peninsular Malaysia: Pisang-pisang (Malay). Borneo: Damak-damak (Kedayan); tambau (Tawau); kayu dusun (Tidong).
Aporosa flexuosa Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 91; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 30; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 293, map 10.41. Neotype (Schot, 2004): Pullen 7470 (holo LAE; iso K, L), Papua New Guinea, Western Prov., June River, northern Lake Murray Area.
Slender tree, up 5 m high. Young branches very sparsely tomentose. Stipules narrowly ovate, slightly oblique, 23 by c. 1 mm, very sparsely puberulous outside, caducous. Petiole terete, lowly ribbed, 813 by 0.50.9 mm, very sparsely tomentose, glabrescent, lower pulvinus c. 1 by 1 mm, upper pulvinus 23 by 11.2 mm, both rather distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 6.511 by 2.53.5 cm; base rounded to obtuse, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands few, small, grey; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thin, smooth, slightly shiny, not brittle, drying yellow-green to brown above, (dark) brownish beneath, glabrous above, only midrib and nerves very sparsely tomentose beneath; dots densely set, fine, grey, fading; disc-like glands along the margin, many small, black. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 57 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 1.53 mm from the margin; veins and venation distinct, rather laxly reticulate, slightly prominent to flat. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences and staminate flowers not seen. Pistillate inflorescences 1 or 2 clustered together, 47 by 0.30.5 mm, very sparsely puberulous; flowers up to 4, laxly arranged at base of rachis, rather densely apically; bracts broadly triangular, 0.40.6 mm long, glabrous, margin ciliate; bracteoles ovate, 0.20.3 mm long, glabrous, margin ciliate; pedicel 0.51.5 mm long, subglabrous. Pistillate flowers 2.53.5 mm long; sepals 5 (or 6), ovate, patent, 0.40.6 mm long, thin, glabrous; ovary ovoid, 1.52.5 mm long, 3-locular, smooth, glabrous; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, slightly recurved, lowly bifid apically, 11.5 mm long, laxly papillate to laciniate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, glabrous, style remnant present. Infructescences, fruits and seeds not seen; septae and column in flower glabrous.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua New Guinea.
« = A. flexuosa;
l = A. ledermannii
Habitat & Ecology Rain forest, low undulating terrain. Altitude: c. 23 m. Flowering: October.
Notes 1. Known only from Pullen 7470, which agrees best with Pax & Hoffmanns description (1922) in vegetative characters. Two other collections referred by Airy Shaw (1980a) to this species do not match, nor are they conspecific. The leaves show a strong likeness to A. misimana, and less to A. leptochrysandra. Both differ, however, in their inflorescence type.
2. Pax & Hoffmanns specimen was staminate, yet they placed this species in their sect. Gymnogynae because of the resemblance to the Philippine A. banahaensis (A. similis). The fact that Pullen 7470 also has glabrous ovaries is purely coincidence, the reference to A. flexuosa is only based on vegetative characters!
3. There is one staminate specimen, which agrees to Pax & Hoffmanns staminate description. However, the leaves of this one are larger and have more nerves (see A. spec. B).
Aporosa frutescens Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 514; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 431; Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 476 (species dubia); Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 278; J.J. Sm., Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indiλ 10 (1910) 229; Koord., Exkurs.-Fl. Java 2 (1912) 480; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 91; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 241; S.Moore, J. Bot. Brit. & For. 63, Suppl. (1925) 97; Merr., Pl. Elmer. Born. (1929) 143; Corner, Wayside Trees Malaya 1 (1940) 237; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1964) 457; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Sandakan 7 (1967) 33; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 216 (excl. A. banahaensis); Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 59, 60; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 216; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 255, 37 (1982) 7; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 220, fig. 3.5i, 3.6v, 3.7c, 3.8p, 3.11l, 4.6c, 4.7a; map 10.4; Schot & Welzen in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 88, fig. 17. Lectotype (designated by Schot, 2004): Blume 1704 (holo L, barcode L 0041512), Java.
Leiocarpus fruticosa Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 582; Hassk., Hort. Bog. Descr. (1858) 57; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 6 (1859) 714; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 362; Fl. Ind. Bat., Suppl. (1860) 178, 443. Aporosa fruticosa (Blume) Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 475; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 278. Lectotype (designated by Schot, 2004): Blume 2136 (holo L, barcode L0041510; iso K), Java.
Shrub or tree, up to 27 m high, up to 30 cm diameter. Bark black, (dark) brown chocolate, greyish brown, grey-green, or (dark) grey, smooth, slightly scaly; inner bark outside (pale) reddish to pale (yellow) brown, inside turning pale green, pale yellow, or whitish, thin, fibrous. Wood brownish yellow or pale grey to white. Young branches sparsely hirsute. Stipules narrowly ovate, oblique, 1.52 by 57 mm, sparsely hairy outside, present in young stages. Petiole terete, smooth to adaxially lowly grooved, 414 by 0.81.5 mm, hirsute, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 11.5 by c. 1.5 mm, mostly indistinct, upper pulvinus 25 by 1.52 mm, distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 6.520 by 1.57.5 cm; base cuneate to slightly attenuate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands regular, small, greyish or blackish; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thin, lowly granular above and beneath, dull, not brittle, drying greyish green to yellowish green above and beneath, nervation lighter beneath, very sparsely puberulous, midrib and nerves (sparsely) hirsute, glabrescent; dots irregularly set, fine, greyish, mostly indistinct; disc-like glands occasionally few, small, along margin. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 810 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 1.52.5 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation often distinct, rather densely reticulate, slightly prominent to flat above, (slightly) prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 14 clustered together, 522 by 23.5 mm, (sparsely) puberulous; peduncle 0.51.5 by 0.71 mm; bracts broadly triangular, 0.40.7 mm long, inconspicuous, very sparsely hairy outside, glabrescent, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; glomerules ellipsoid, consisting of 710 densely set flowers, c. 2 by 0.5 mm, spaced at 0.51 mm at base, apically slightly massed in a cylindric head; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 0.30.7 mm long; sepals (3 or) 4, obovate, 0.20.4 mm long, connate at base, glabrous, margin ciliate at apex; stamens 2 (or 3), 0.30.6 mm long, slightly exserted; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 27 by 0.71 mm, (sparsely) puberulous; flowers single at apical end of rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.50.8 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles ovate, c. 0.5 mm long, sparsely hirsute outside, glabrous inside; pedicel 1.52 mm long, puberulous. Pistillate flowers 1.53 mm long; sepals 5 (or 6), ovate, subequal, reflexed, 1.21.5 mm long, fleshy, sparsely puberulous; ovary ellipsoid, 1.52.5 mm, 3-locular, slightly punctulate, sparsely puberulous to subglabrous; stigmas sessile, broad, apically lowly lobed, flattened on top of ovary, straight, 0.51 mm long, lowly papillate above, glabrous, connate to the ovary beneath. Infructescences 311 by 0.81.2 mm, sparsely puberulous, glabrescent; fruiting pedicel 26 mm long. Fruits juicy, globose, often with sunken stigmas, not stiped, not beaked, 915 by 1015 mm, smooth, drying light or brownish yellow, sparsely puberulous to glabrous; pericarp 0.53 mm thick, fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 24, half-terete, ellipsoid, 811 by 69 by 35 mm.
Section Aporosa.
Distribution Burma (Tenasserim), Peninsular Thailand, Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, and the Moluccas.
Habitat & Ecology Primary, secondary, disturbed, logged over forest and kerangas; on hilltops, hillsides, hill ridges, along river banks, roads, lakes, and forest margins; in dry, swampy, or shaded areas. Soil: a granitic or yellow-red loamy sand, red clay, blackish stony or a silty clay brown laterite. Altitude: 01500 m. Flowering and fruiting throughout the year. Fruits apparently eaten by squirrels.
Vernacular names Sumatra: Kayu si marlilin, kayu si topu aek (east coast); kayu malam (Bangka). Java: Sassa lumbut, sassa benar. Borneo: Girak (Banggi); liposu gobuk, rambai rambai (Dusun); kalumanjat (Dusun Kinabatangan); lamog lamog (Murut). Philippines: Ragsik (Bic.). Moluccas: Ai mbalute (Ceram).
Notes 1. The specimens of Blumes herbarium as conserved in Leiden are mostly mixed up. Only one (staminate) is accompanied by the name Aporosa frutescens in Blumes own handwriting, Blume 1704, and this one I selected as lectotype. All other specimens are labelled, in Blumes handwriting, Leiocarpus fruticosa. Only one of these bears fruits, Blume 2136, which I have selected as lectotype of A. fruticosa. The other specimens of the latter species are mixtures of staminate and pistillate flowering material. Apparently, Blume identified some staminate specimens as L. fruticosa after his publication (1825). These he united with the earlier identified pistillate specimens, and (re?)numbered them 2223a and 2233a.
2. The Malayan, Bornean, and Philippine specimens have a much lesser indumentum on all parts of the plant than the more southern specimens. This makes the distinction with the Philippine A. banahaensis extremely difficult: see note 2 under that species.
3. Specimen A 3437 from Sabah has inflorescences with up to 4 pistillate flowers clustered at the apex. The flowers themselves are, however, characteristically those of A. frutescens. It is not uncommon for the uniflorous inflorescences to develop some of the lower buds when some mechanical disturbance destroys the top flower.
Aporosa fulvovittata Schot, Blumea 40 (1995) 455; Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 222, map 10.5. Type: Chew & Corner RSNB 4532 (holo L; iso K), Sabah, Mt Kinabalu.
Tree, up to 18 m high, up to 20 cm diameter. Bark pink brownish, smooth; inner bark brownish, yellowish pink, or white. Wood white. Young branches very sparsely hairy. Stipules ovate, slightly oblique, 46 by 34 mm, sparsely puberulous beneath, early caducous. Petiole terete, adaxially lowly grooved, 814 by 11.5 mm, very sparsely puberulous, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 1.52.5 by 1.22 mm, sometimes indistinct, upper pulvinus 23.5 by 1.22 mm, distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 5.513.5 by 25.5 cm; base rounded to acute, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands regular, small, greyish, often indistinct; apex acuminate; blade thin, lowly granular above and beneath, mostly dull, not brittle, drying (light) grey-green, greenish yellow, or brownish green above and beneath, glabrous above, very sparsely puberulous beneath, midrib and nerves sparsely puberulous, glabrescent; dots irregularly densely set, fine, grey, mostly indistinct; disc-like glands often few, small, distinct, along margin. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 710 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 12 mm from the margin; tertiary nerves and venation often distinct, rather densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, slightly prominent to flat. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 25 clustered together, 717 by 1.52 mm, very sparsely puberulous, glabrescent; peduncle 13 mm by 0.30.5 mm; bracts broadly triangular, 0.50.8 mm long, inconspicuous, glabrous, margin ciliate; glomerules globose, 11.2 by 11.2 mm, consisting of 68 densely set flowers, spaced at 12 mm at base of rachis, decreasing to 0 mm at apex; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 0.71 mm long; sepals 57, obovate, 0.71.2 mm long, connate at base, glabrous, margin ciliate; stamens 36, slightly exserted, 0.81.2 mm long, filaments sometimes connate to more than halfway; anthers 0.20.3 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences not seen, induced from infructescences to be 13 clustered together, sparsely puberulous; flowers single at apical end of the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.81 mm long, glabrous outside, hairy at base only inside, margin ciliate; bracteoles ovate, 0.70.8 mm long, glabrous; pedicel present, sparsely puberulous. Pistillate flowers not seen; sepals in young fruit 5, ovate, reflexed, 1.21.5 mm long, fleshy at base, glabrous, margin ciliate; staminodes occasionally 3, 0.20.3 mm long; ovary probably ovoid-globose, 3-locular, punctulate, glabrous; stigmas in young fruit 3, slightly raised, elongated, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, apically bifid to near base, straight to slightly recurved, 1.52 mm long, longitudinally ribbed and papillate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, style remnant present. Infructescences 431 by 0.81.2 mm, sparsely puberulous, glabrescent; fruiting pedicel 414 mm long, sparsely puberulous, glabrescent. Fruits broadly ovoid, not stiped, not beaked, 912 by 1114 mm, finely punctulate, drying yellow-brownish, lighter at sutures, glabrous; pericarp 0.51.5 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 2 or 3, half-terete, ellipsoid, 68 by 56 by 2.54 mm.
Section Aporosa.
Distribution Malesia: Borneo.
l = A. fulvovittata;
« = A. stenostachys
Habitat & Ecology Primary or montane forest; on ridges, mountain slopes; in rocky, open, moist areas. Altitude: 12001700 m. Flowering: April, May, September; fruiting: February to June, September to November.
Aporosa globifera Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 347; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 278; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 94; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 237; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 59; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 248, fig. 4.3b; map 10.19; Schot & Welzen in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 90. Lectotype (designated by Schot, 2004): Kings Collector 7607 (holo K; iso BO, P), Peninsular Malaysia, Perak.
Aporosa lophodonta Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 33 (1978) 25. Type: M. Shah MS 1530 (holo K; iso L), Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang.
Small tree, up to 12 m high, up to 10 cm diameter. Bark brown(-greyish) to black, c. 2 mm thick, approximately smooth; inner bark orange-brown or red-brown. Sapwood pale brown to yellow. Young branches tomentose. Stipules narrowly ovate, slightly oblique, 3.55 by 1.52 mm, sparsely hirsute, caducous. Petiole terete, smooth, 616 by 11.5 mm, hirsute, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 1.52 by 11.5 mm, upper pulvinus 34 by 11.5 mm, both indistinct under indumentum. Leaves (narrowly) elliptic, 719.5 by 27.5 cm; base obtuse to acute, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands many, hairy; apex acuminate; blade thinnish, smooth (young leaves very lowly white granular above and beneath) , dull, not brittle, drying light greenish above and beneath, only midrib hirsute above, glabrescent, sparsely hirsute beneath, midrib and nerves hirsute, glabrescent; dots irregularly patchy densely set, very fine, greyish, often indistinct; disc-like glands few to regular, brownish, hairy, within marginal arches, often indistinct. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 811 pairs, flat to sunken above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 12 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, densely reticulate, slightly prominent to flat above, slightly prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 26 clustered together, 716 by 1.52 mm, tomentose; peduncle absent; bracts broadly triangular, 0.50.8 mm long, inconspicuous, only sparsely sericeous at base; glomerules globose, indistinct, consisting of 35 laxly set flowers, set rather continuously along the rachis; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 0.50.8 mm long; sepals 4, narrowly obovate, 0.50.9 mm long, connate at base, puberulous outside, glabrous inside; stamens 2, slightly exserted, 0.40.7 mm long; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 1 or 2 clustered together, 34 by c. 1.2 mm, densely tomentose, flowers up to 3, densely set along the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.30.5 mm long, tomentose outside, sparsely tomentose inside; bracteoles ovate, 0.20.3 mm long, tomentose outside, sparsely tomentose inside; pedicel absent. Pistillate flowers not seen; sepals in fruit 5, ovate, patent, 0.50.8 mm long, thin, tomentose outside, sparsely tomentose inside; ovary probably ellipsoid, 3-locular, smooth, sericeous; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, ascending from the sides of the ovary, straight, apically bifid to c. halfway, 0.81 mm long, papillate to laciniate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, glabrous, style remnant present. Infructescences c. 4 by 1.5 mm, densely sericeous; fruiting pedicel absent. Fruits globose to broadly ovoid, not stiped, not beaked, 1114 by 1316 mm, punctulate, drying (dark) reddish brown, sparsely hairy; pericarp 12 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column very sparsely hairy at base and (central) margin, glabrescent. Seeds (2 or) 3, half-terete, ellipsoid, 89 by 67 by 35 mm.
Section Appendiculatae.
Distribution Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra.
Habitat & Ecology Primary or disturbed forest, swampy areas, shady areas. Altitude: 5360 m. Flowering: March; fruiting: January, April, May, November.
Vernacular names Peninsular Malaysia: Kayu senawai bukit (Temuan).
Note The recorded resemblance between A. lophodonta and A. whitmorei (Airy Shaw, 1978) is caused by a superficial likeness in leaf texture, which is true for many other species of Aporosa.
Aporosa grandistipula Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 21 (1922) 521; Pl. Elmer. Born. (1929) 142; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Sandakan 7 (1967) 33; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 37; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 333, fig. 3.7b; map 10.58. Type: Agama 579 (iso A, K, P), Sabah.
Tree, up to 20 m high, up to 18 cm diameter. Bark (dark to pale) greyish or brownish, reddish, chocolate, or red-brown, smooth, c. 1.5 mm thick; inner bark brown(ish), greenish, reddish, pink, or yellowish. Wood (pale) brownish, reddish, or yellowish to white. Young branches sparsely puberulous. Stipules falcate, 614 by 1224 mm, often persistent, glabrous, often black disc-like glands along margin beneath. Petiole terete, adaxially or around grooved, 847 by 12 mm, sparsely puberulous, lower pulvinus 1.54 by 1.53 mm, upper pulvinus 39 by 1.53 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, 1235 by 3.510.5 cm; base emarginate to truncate, basal glands absent; margin lowly glandular-crenate to lowly glandular-serrate, marginal glands many, small, black, distinct; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thinnish, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying greenish greyish to greyish blue above, (dark) brown-grey beneath, glabrous above, only midrib and nerves sparsely puberulous beneath, glabrescent; dots irregularly laxly set, fine, greyish black, fading; disc-like glands few, small, indistinct, along the margin. Nervation: midrib (slightly) prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 1423 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 24 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, rather densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, slightly prominent to flat above, (slightly) prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 36 clustered together, 1361 by 0.30.5 mm, subglabrous; peduncle 13 by 0.30.5 mm; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 0.81.2 mm long, glabrous, margin sparsely ciliate; glomerules globose, 0.81.5 by 0.81.5 mm, consisting of 712 densely set flowers, spaced at 1.56 mm along the rachis; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 0.51 mm long; sepals 4 (or 5), (narrowly) obovate, subequal, 0.50.8 mm long, connate at base, glabrous, margin sparsely ciliate; stamens 3 (or 4), 0.50.9 mm long, slightly exserted; anthers 0.20.3 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode minute, lumpy. Pistillate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 1324 by 0.50.8 mm, subglabrous; flowers up to 11, laxly arranged along the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.30.5 mm long, glabrous, margin sparsely ciliate; bracteoles triangular, 0.20.3 mm long, glabrous, margin ciliate; pedicel 35 mm long, sparsely puberulous. Pistillate flowers 2.54 mm long; sepals 5, ovate, subequal, patent, 0.61.2 mm long, thin, glabrous, margin sparsely ciliate; ovary ovoid, 23 mm long, 3-locular, smooth, glabrous; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, apically bifid to near base, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, recurved, 11.5 mm long, laxly papillate above, glabrous, slightly ribbed to smooth beneath, glabrous, style remnant absent. Infructescences 1041 by 0.81.2 mm, glabrous; fruiting pedicel 49 mm long, glabrous. Fruits ovoid, not stiped, not beaked, 1116 by 1014 mm, punctate, young ones slightly ridged on sutures, drying (dark) brown, glabrous; pericarp 0.51 mm thick, slightly fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 2 or 3, half-terete, ovoid, 711 by 6.59 by 34 mm.
Section Sundanenses.
Distribution Malesia: Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology Primary, (old) secondary, disturbed, logged, alluvial, or riverine forest; in flat, low undulating, hilly, moist, or swampy country, sometimes subject to flooding; on ridges, hills, or along streams. Soil: sandy, clayey, clay-loam, sandstone, limestone, rich yellow to blackish, stony. Altitude: 5500 m. Flowering: March, April, July to December; fruiting: March to January.
Vernacular names Ketune (Dayak); ulas, mantus (Dusun-Kinabatangan); galang-galang (Dusun, Sungei Kinabatangan); kayu mas(s)am (Iban); bua ba-ee (Kenyah); boata (Sungei).
Note All collections from Sulawesi that I saw identified as A. grandistipula belong to A. leytensis Merr.
Aporosa granularis Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 29 (1974) 283; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 37; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 334, fig. 3.5d, 3.6e; map 10.59. Aporosa microstachya (Tul.) Mόll.Arg. forma ?: Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23 (1969) 3, in obs. Type: S (Ismawi) 29658 (holo K; iso L, SING), Sarawak, 3rd Division.
Shrub or tree, up to 9 m high, up to 11 cm diameter. Bark greyish or light brown, smooth to rugose; inner bark pale brown. Young branches (pale) brown, (sparsely) tomentose. Stipules narrowly ovate, slightly oblique, 68 by 1.52.5 mm, very sparsely sericeous beneath, present in young stages. Petiole terete, adaxially lowly grooved, 712 by 0.51 mm, tomentose, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 11.5 by c. 1 mm, indistinct, upper pulvinus 23 by 11.2 mm, rather distinct. Leaves narrowly elliptic, 616 by 1.85 cm; base obtuse to attenuate, basal glands absent; margin very lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands few, small, grey, indistinct; apex cuspidate to caudate; blade thin, smooth, dull to slightly shiny, not brittle, drying (dark) greenish grey to greenish brown above, greyish brown beneath, only midrib and nerves puberulous above, glabrescent, sparsely puberulous beneath, midrib and nerves puberulous, glabrescent; dots irregularly set, fine, blackish, mostly indistinct; disc-like glands absent. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 68 pairs, flat to slightly sunken above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 13 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, laxly reticulate, slightly scalariform, flat above, (slightly) prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 59 by 11.5 mm, puberulous; peduncle 0.51.5 by c. 0.8 mm; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 0.30.5 mm long, very sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; glomerules subglobose, c. 1 by 0.5 mm, indistinct, consisting of 35 laxly set flowers, some spaced at 0.10.5 mm at base of rachis, mostly continuous at apex; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 0.30.5 mm long; sepals 4, obovate, connate at base, 0.40.6 mm long, sparsely hairy at base only outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; stamens 2, slightly exserted, 0.50.7 mm long; anthers 0.10.2 mm long; pistillode minute, lumpy. Pistillate inflorescences 1 or 2 clustered together, 24 by 0.50.8 mm, (sparsely) puberulous; flowers up to 7, mostly densely set at apical part of the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.30.5 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles ovate, c. 0.3 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; pedicel absent. Pistillate flowers 1.52 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, patent, 0.71 mm long, thin, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; ovary ellipsoid, 2-locular, 1.52 mm long, smooth, sparsely sericeous at base, glabrescent; stigmas sessile, elongated, flattened to the sides of the ovary, apically bifid to near base, straight, 12 mm long, lowly papillate to laciniate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, glabrous, style remnant absent. Infructescences 35 by 0.51 mm, sparsely puberulous; fruiting pedicel absent. Fruits ellipsoid, not stiped, not beaked, 79 by 68 mm, granular, drying (dark) brownish, very sparsely hairy, glabrescent; pericarp 0.30.8 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 1, half-terete, ellipsoid, 67 by 45 by 23 mm.
Section Sundanenses.
Distribution Malesia: Borneo (mostly Sarawak).
Habitat & Ecology Primary, disturbed, old secondary mixed dipterocarp lowland forest, peat swamp, kerangas; on undulating country, steep or gentle slopes, and along river banks. Soil: sandstone or sandy (clay), yellow, rich. Altitude: 50700 m. Flowering: June, August to October; fruiting: May to February.
Vernacular names Ganjii (Bukit Baka); jangau, kayu masam, kayu matalio (Iban).
Aporosa hermaphrodita Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 25 (1971) 478; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 30; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 294, fig. 3.10a; map 10.40. Type: Brass 32401 (holo K; iso A, BO, L), Papua New Guinea, E Highlands Prov., Kassam.
Tree, up to 30 m high, up to 35 cm diameter. Bark pale reddish brown, brown, or grey, pocked and flaking, rough to smooth; inner bark very light brown, pinkish straw, or red. Wood dark cream. Young branches sparsely puberulous. Stipules not seen, early caducous. Petiole terete, adaxially lowly grooved, 818 by 0.51.2 mm, sparsely puberulous, lower pulvinus 1.52 by 0.81.2 mm, upper pulvinus 25 by 0.81.5 mm, both rather distinct. Leaves (narrowly) ovate to (narrowly) elliptic, 5.517 by 210 cm; base obtuse to slightly attenuate, basal glands absent; margin lowly crenate to lowly undulate, marginal glands often indistinct, few, small, greyish; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thickish, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying greyish green or yellowish green above, (dark) brown beneath, glabrous above, very sparsely puberulous beneath, midrib sparsely puberulous; dots densely set, fine, blackish; disc-like glands absent. Nervation: midrib flat to raised in a furrow above, prominent beneath; nerves 610 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches often distinct, sometimes fading, 12 mm from margin; tertiary veins and venation fading, rather densely reticulate, sometimes slightly scalariform, slightly prominent to flat. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves, 14 clustered together, 528 by 0.30.5 mm, (sparsely) puberulous; flowers bisexual, up to 6, laxly arranged at base of rachis, more densely apically; bracts broadly triangular, 11.8 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; bracteoles narrowly ovate, 0.30.7 mm long, puberulous outside, glabrous inside; pedicel 13.5 mm long, (very sparsely) puberulous. Flowers 34.5 mm long; sepals 4 (or 5), ovate, ascending, 11.5 mm long, thin, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; stamens 4 (or 5), subepisepalous, exserted, 1.22.2 mm long; anthers 0.40.5 mm long, connective sparsely hairy; ovary ovoid, 1.53.5 mm long, 2- (or 3-)locular, smooth, sparsely puberulous at base, glabrescent towards apex; stigmas raised, elongated, apically bifid, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, slightly recurved, 1.52.5 mm long, longitudinally ribbed above, margins lowly papillate, glabrous, smooth beneath, glabrous, style remnant absent. Infructescences 1138 by 0.81.2 mm, (sparsely) puberulous; fruiting pedicel 27 mm long, sparsely puberulous. Fruits ellipsoid to ovoid, not stiped, slightly beaked, 813 by 813 mm, punct(ul)ate, drying brownish, very sparsely puberulous at base; pericarp 0.30.5 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 1 or 2 (seldom 3), half-terete, ellipsoid, 6.58 by 5.56.5 by 34 mm.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua New Guinea.
« = A. decipiens;
q = A. egregia;
l = A. hermaphrodita
Habitat & Ecology Primary, secondary, or mid-mountain rain forest, mossy forest, or oak forest; on ridges, slopes, (steep) hills, or in river gorges. Soil: loamy. Altitude: 10702100 m. Flowering: September, October; fruiting: June to September, December, January. Seed aril recorded to be extremely bitter.
Vernacular names Bepu (Naho).
Aporosa heterodoxa Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 25 (1971) 479; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 31, in obs.; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 295, fig. 3.10b; map 10.42. Type: Schodde (& Craven) 3762 (holo K; iso BO, L), Papua New Guinea, Bougainville, Lake Loloru.
(Small) tree, up to 17 m high, up to 12 cm diameter. Bark mid brown to red brown, smooth, striate, to rather rough pustular or nodular; inner bark pale chestnut. Wood (pale) cream to creamy brown. Young branches very sparsely puberulous. Stipules not seen, early caducous. Petiole (half-)terete, adaxially grooved, 815 by 1.22 mm, very sparsely puberulous, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 1.53 by 1.52 mm, upper pulvinus 36 by 1.82.2 mm, both rather distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to (narrowly) elliptic, 816 by 3.59 cm; base rounded to slightly attenuate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly crenate, marginal glands few, grey, indistinct; apex acuminate; blade thickish, smooth, dull, sometimes brittle, drying bluish or yellowish green to brown above, brown beneath, glabrous above, only midrib and nerves very sparsely puberulous beneath, glabrescent; dots patchy densely set, fine, grey to black; disc-like glands seldom few present, small, along margin. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 69 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 2.55 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation fading, laxly reticulate, flat above, (slightly) prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves, 38 clustered together, 1237 by 0.51 mm, (sparsely) puberulous; flowers bisexual, up to 15, laxly set at base of rachis, sometimes more densely set apically; bracts broadly triangular, 0.51 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside, margin sparsely ciliate; bracteoles broadly triangular, 0.30.8 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside, margin sparsely ciliate; pedicel 0.51 mm long, (sparsely) puberulous. Flowers 2.54 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, ascending, 0.51.2 mm long, thin, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; stamens 4, slightly exerted, 0.50.7 mm long; anthers 0.40.5 mm long, connective glabrous; ovary ovoid, 1.52.5 mm long, 2- or 3-locular, smooth, sparsely puberulous at base, glabrescent towards apex; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, apically bifid to c. halfway, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, slightly recurved, 0.81.2 mm long, laxly papillate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, glabrous, style remnant present. Infructescences 2544 by 11.2 mm, sparsely puberulous; fruiting pedicel 35 mm long, sparsely puberulous. Fruits globose, not stiped, slightly beaked, 1213 by 1114 mm, punctulate, drying (dark) brown, very sparsely hairy; pericarp 0.51 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 2 or 3, only immature ones seen.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua New Guinea, Bougainville.
l = A.heterodoxa;
« = A. lamellata;
q = A. longicaudata;
u = A. misimana
Habitat & Ecology Primary montane, cloud or rain forest; on slopes. Altitude: 6601200 m. Flowering: August; fruiting: August, October.
Note I have seen two specimens in flower, Schodde (& Craven) 3762 (type) and Schodde (& Craven) 3875. The first one has young flowers, the second old ones. They differ in that the first often has 2 or 3 (!) flowers clustered together in one bract, no bracteoles, and very short pedicels. The second specimen has single flowers, bracteoles, and a distinct pedicel. These differences may be explained by assuming that Schodde (& Craven) 3762 has inflorescences derived from staminate inflorescences, and Schodde (& Craven) 3875 inflorescences derived from pistillate ones. But before accepting this hypothesis, a comparison with more material is essential.
Aporosa illustris Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 29 (1974) 181; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 37; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 336, map 10.60. Aporosa nervosa Hook.f. forma: Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23 (1969) 5, in obs. Type: S (Paie) 17026 (holo K; iso BO, L), Sarawak, Serian.
Tree, up to 30 m high, up to 30 cm diam.; buttresses c. 60 cm high, 5 cm thick, 120 cm long. Bark greyish brown, pale brown, or red, smooth, c. 0.5 cm thick; inner bark dark to light brown, yellowish, or pale red, c. 0.5 cm thick. Wood white brown, (light) yellowish, or whitish. Young branches greyish brown, tomentose. Stipules falcate, 412 by 822 mm, sparsely tomentose beneath, often early caducous. Petiole half-terete, ridged, 838 by 1.23 mm, tomentose to hirsute, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 26 by 23 mm, upper pulvinus 410 by 24 mm, both distinct. Leaves (narrowly) ovate to narrowly elliptic, 1328 by 4.512 cm; base rounded to cuneate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands many, large, distinct, black, hairy in young leaves; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thickish, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying greyish green to greenish brown above, brownish beneath, glabrous above, sparsely tomentose beneath, midrib and nerves tomentose, glabrescent; dots irregularly densely set, black, fading; disc-like glands seldom few, small, along the margin. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 813 pairs, slightly prominent to slightly sunken above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 1.55 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, rather laxly reticulate, slightly scalariform, slightly prominent to flat above, (slightly) prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 14 clustered together, 1833 by 0.81.5 mm, (sparsely) tomentose; peduncle 2.510 by 0.50.8 mm; bracts triangular, 0.81 mm long, inconspicuous, sparsely tomentose outside, sparsely tomentose at base only inside; glomerules globose, 1.52.5 by 1.52.5 mm, consisting of more than 10 densely set flowers, spaced at 13 mm throughout; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 0.51 mm long; sepals 4, narrowly obovate, 0.81.2 mm long, connate at base, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; stamens 3 or 4, slightly exserted, 0.30.8 mm long; anthers 0.20.3 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode a minute hair tuft. Pistillate inflorescences clustered 13 together, 1229 by 0.50.8 mm, (sparsely) tomentose; flowers up to 11, laxly set along the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.50.8 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles ovate, 0.30.5 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; pedicel 12.5 mm long, (sparsely) tomentose. Pistillate flowers 3.55 mm long; sepals 3, ovate, 1.21.5 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, sparsely puberulous at base only inside; ovary ovoid, 2.54 mm long, 3- (or 4-)locular, smooth, very sparsely puberulous at base; stigmas raised, elongated, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, slightly recurved or straight, apically bifid to near base, 12.2 mm long, ribbed and papillate to laciniate above, glabrous, ribbed beneath, glabrous, style remnant absent. Infructescences 1076 by12.5 mm, sparsely tomentose, glabrescent; fruiting pedicel 26 mm long, sparsely tomentose, glabrescent. Fruits ovoid to globose, not stiped, not beaked, 1219 by 1016 mm, punctulate to smooth, drying brownish, sparsely puberulous, glabrescent; pericarp 14 mm thick, slightly fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 2 or 3, half-terete, ellipsoid, 9.513 by 79 by 35 mm.
Section Sundanenses.
Distribution Malesia: Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology Primary forest, logged forest; in swampy areas, on hills, ridges, flat land, near paths, and along riversides. Soil: sandy clay; black. Altitude: 251500 m. Flowering: March, April, September; fruiting: February, June to November.
Vernacular names Kayu masam (Iban); kata (Kayan); damak-damak, limpuang (Tawau).
Note Two forms occur: one, common in Sabah, with often rather persistent stipules, a lesser indumentum on the leaves and the rachis, and subglabrous ovaries or fruits. This form is often mistaken for A. grandistipula, but differs in its thicker leaves with a cuneate base and fewer nerves. The second, typical form, is more common in Sarawak, has caducous stipules, tomentose leaves, and sparsely puberulous ovaries and fruits. It is also often distinct by its long petiole. The distinction between the two forms is rather gradual, and since I have not been able to find any constant differences, I am not willing to describe them as varieties.
Aporosa lagenocarpa Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 21 (1968) 355; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Sandakan 10 (1968) 229; Airy Shaw, Hook. Ic. Pl. (1974) 38, t. 3701; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 37; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 337, fig. 3.5h, 3.6f, 3.8s, 3.11k; map 10.61. Type: S (Sibat ak Luang) 21918 (holo K; iso BO, L, SING), Sarawak, Bt. Mersing.
Tree, up to 25.5 m high, up to 20 cm diameter. Bark green grey; inner bark red, scaly. Wood white. Young branches tomentose. Stipules narrowly ovate, strongly oblique, 710 mm wide, 24 mm high, sparsely hirsute beneath, present in young stages. Petiole terete, smooth, 816 by 11.5 mm, densely tomentose, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 1.52 by 11.2 mm, upper pulvinus 35 by 11.5 mm, both indistinct under indumentum. Leaves narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, 616.5 by 1.55.5 cm; base rounded to acute, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to subentire, marginal glands indistinct; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thinnish, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying brownish grey above and beneath, nervation lighter beneath, sparsely hirsute, glabrescent, midrib and nerves hirsute beneath; dots laxly set, fine, brownish, often indistinct; disc-like glands absent. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 69 pairs, slightly prominent above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 0.81.2 mm from the margin; tertiary nerves and venation distinct, laxly reticulate, slightly prominent to flat above, (slightly) prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 24 clustered together, 823 by 11.5 mm, tomentose; peduncle 37 by 0.50.8 mm; bracts broadly triangular, c. 0.5 mm long, rather conspicuous, villose outside, glabrous inside; glomerules subglobose, indistinct, consisting of 35 laxly set flowers, spaced continuously along the rachis; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 11.5 mm long; sepals 4, obovate, connate to more than halfway, 0.60.9 mm long, sparsely villose outside, glabrous inside; stamens 2, exserted, 1.22 mm long; anthers 0.20.3 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 38 by 11.2 mm, densely tomentose; flowers up to 7, mostly densely set at apical end of rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.30.4 mm long, densely villose outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles ovate, 0.20.3 mm long, densely villose outside, glabrous inside; pedicel absent. Pistillate flowers 2.55 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, patent, 0.81.1 mm long, thin, densely villose outside, glabrous inside; ovary narrowly ovoid to flask-shaped, 24 mm long, 2-locular, densely tomentose; stigmas sessile, elongated, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, slightly recurved to straight, apically bifid to near base, 4.56 mm long, ribbed and laciniate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, glabrous, style remnant absent. Infructescences 723 by 0.81.2 mm, densely tomentose; fruiting pedicel minute, less then 0.5 mm. Fruits narrowly ovoid to flask-shaped, not stiped, beaked, 1521 by 69.5 mm, slightly punctulate to smooth, drying (dark) brownish, sparsely tomentose; pericarp 0.31 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 1, half-terete, ellipsoid, 89 by 45 by 34 mm.
Section Sundanenses.
Distribution Malesia: Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology Primary or submontane mixed dipterocarp forest; on hill sides, ridges, mountain tops, or high river terraces. Soil: basalt or sandstone. Altitude: 2001000 m. Flowering: August, September; fruiting: June to October.
Vernacular names Kayu masam (Iban).
Aporosa lamellata Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 33 (1978) 26; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 31; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 297, fig. 3.9e, f; map 10.42. Type: Brass 13469 (holo BRI; iso BO, L), Indonesia, Papua Barat, Idenburg River.
(Slender) tree, up to 20 m high, up to 20 cm diameter. Bark dark brown, with reddish sap; inner bark dull pink. Wood yellowish straw. Young branches tomentose. Stipules falcate, 612 by 1418 mm, sparsely tomentose beneath, often persistent. Petiole terete, adaxially grooved, 1137 by 22.5 mm, tomentose, lower pulvinus 23 by 23 mm, upper pulvinus 35 by 2.53.5 mm, both rather distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 2032.5 by 6.510 cm; base subcordate to rounded, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands regular to many, distinct, black; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thinnish, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying (dark) bluish or greyish green above, brown beneath, only midrib tomentose above, very sparsely tomentose beneath, midrib and nerves tomentose, glabrescent; dots irregularly patchy densely set, very fine, black, fading; disc-like glands absent. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 1215 pairs, flat to slightly sunken above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 13 mm from margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, slightly prominent to flat above, (slightly) prominent beneath. Inflorescences borne on the upper branches. Staminate inflorescences and staminate flowers not seen. Pistillate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 1278 by 0.81.2 mm, densely tomentose; flowers up to 19, rather densely set along the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 1.82.2 mm long, densely tomentose outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles triangular, 0.81.2 mm long, thin, densely tomentose outside, glabrous inside; pedicel minute. Pistillate flowers 34 mm long; sepals 5, ovate, patent, 0.51.2 mm long, tomentose outside, sparsely puberulous inside; ovary ellipsoid to globose, 1.52.5 mm long, 35-locular, with 6, 8 or 10 lamellae, tomentose; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, straight, apically bifid to near base, 1.83 mm long, densely laciniate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, tomentose, style remnant present. Infructescences 3851 by 2.53 mm, tomentose; fruiting pedicel 1.53 mm long, tomentose. Fruits broadly ellipsoid, not stiped, not beaked, 1116 by 1823 mm, striate, with 6, 8, or 10 lamellae, drying reddish brown, (sparsely) tomentose; pericarp 12 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 35, half-terete, ovoid, 810 by 58 by 35 mm.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua Barat, Papua New Guinea.
l = A.heterodoxa;
« = A. lamellata;
q = A. longicaudata;
u = A. misimana
Habitat & Ecology Secondary forest; on hillsides or ridges. Soil: copper rich. Altitude: 4501200 m. Flowering: June; fruiting: March, April.
Notes 1. Specimen Ledermann 9557, cited by Pax & K. Hoffmann (1922) to be near A. papuana but differing in its lobed 3- or 4-locular ovary is A. lamellata.
2. In view of the strong resemblance in leaves between A. lamellata, A. papuana, A. brassii, and to a lesser degree also A. vagans and A. decipiens, it will be quite difficult to find specimens with staminate inflorescences which match A. lamellata.
Aporosa laxiflora Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 95; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 31; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 297, map 10.43. Lectotype (designated by Schot, 2004): Ledermann 8010 (K), Papua New Guinea, Sepik Prov., Malu.
(Small) tree, up to 10 m high, up to 20 cm diameter. Bark grey, vertically cracked; inner bark straw brown, 6 mm thick. Young branches sparsely puberulous. Stipules falcate, 57 by 1114 mm, glabrous above, very sparsely puberulous beneath, present in young stages. Petiole terete, adaxially grooved, 1128 by 12 mm, very sparsely puberulous, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 24 by 1.52.5 mm, upper pulvinus 47 by 1.83 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 1727 by 410 cm; base subcordate to obtuse, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands regular to many, distinct, black; apex acuminate; blade thickish, smooth, shiny, not brittle, drying greenish grey to brownish grey above and beneath, glabrous above, only midrib and nerves very sparsely puberulous beneath, glabrescent; dots laxly set, fine, greyish, mostly indistinct; disc-like glands often present, along the margin, blackish, distinct. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 1014 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches often fading, 36 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, densely reticulate, slightly prominent to flat. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 25 clustered together, 1436 by 0.71.5 mm, sparsely puberulous; peduncle 13 by 0.50.8 mm; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 0.50.8 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, sparsely puberulous at base only inside, margin ciliate; glomerules globose, 11.5 by 11.5 mm, consisting of 712 densely set flowers, spaced at 15 mm along the rachis; pedicel 0.20.3 mm long. Staminate flowers 0.81.5 mm long; sepals (4 or) 5, narrowly obovate, 0.40.7 mm long, connate at base only, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; stamens 3 or 4, exserted, 11.5 mm long; anthers 0.20.3 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode a minute hair tuft. Pistillate inflorescences 1 or 2 clustered together, 1324 by 0.81 mm, (sparsely) puberulous; flowers up to 11, rather laxly set along the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.40.6 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, sparsely puberulous at base only inside; bracteoles ovate, 0.30.5 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, puberulous at base only inside; pedicel 13 mm long, (sparsely) puberulous. Pistillate flowers 46 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, patent, 0.81.2 mm long, thin, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; ovary ovoid, 34.5 mm long, 3- (or 4-)locular, smooth, (sparsely) puberulous; stigmas raised, elongated, apically bifid to c. halfway, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, slightly recurved, 1.22 mm long, longitudinally ribbed above, papillate, glabrous, smooth beneath, sparsely puberulous, style remnant present. Infructescences 1323 by 11.8 mm, sparsely tomentose; fruiting pedicel 211 mm long, sparsely tomentose. Fruits ovoid to subglobose, not stiped, not beaked, 1315 by 1315 mm, punctate, drying reddish to dark brown, sparsely tomentose; pericarp 0.30.5 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 2 or 3, half-terete, ellipsoid, 811 by 6.58.5 by 33.5 mm.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua New Guinea.
« = A. laxiflora;
l = A. spec. C.
Habitat & Ecology In rain forest, on ridges. Altitude: 50550 m. Flowering: October; fruiting: September.
Vernacular names Akaia-naeku (Mekeo language, Maipa dialect).
Note In addition to the only surviving Ledermann collection, I refer to this species NGF 3935, from the Yellow River Hills, Paijmans 167, from the Northern Prov., and tentatively Darbyshire 870, from Maipa, Central Province.
Aporosa ledermanniana Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 84; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 32 (p.p.); Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 299, fig. 3.5q, 3.7m, 3.8d; map 10.41. Type: Ledermann 7270 (holo B; iso K), Papua New Guinea, Sepik river.
Tree, up to 10 m high, up to 25 cm diameter. Bark dark brown to pale grey, smooth; inner bark brown or pink, fibrous. Wood pale yellow. Young branches sparsely tomentose. Stipules falcate, 35 by 68 mm, rather persistent, glabrous above, at base sparsely tomentose beneath, scattered round black glands beneath. Petiole terete, adaxially lowly grooved, 713 by 0.81.2 mm, sparsely tomentose, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 11.5 by 11.2 mm, upper pulvinus 24 by 11.5 mm, both rather distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 917.5 by 3.57 cm; base rounded to obtuse, basal glands absent; margin lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands many, small, grey, often indistinct; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thin, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying greyish green to dark brownish above, greyish or dark brown beneath, only midrib sparsely tomentose above, midrib and nerves sparsely tomentose beneath, glabrescent; dots densely set, fine, grey, fading in older leaves; disc-like glands irregularly scattered within the marginal arches, many, black. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 1012 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches fading, 1.54 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation indistinct, rather laxly reticulate, slightly prominent to flat. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 24 clustered together, 1019 by 1.52 mm, (sparsely) tomentose; peduncle 26 by 0.30.5 mm; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 0.81.2 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, hairy at base only inside, margin ciliate; glomerules subglobose, 22.5 by 12 mm, consisting of more than 10 rather densely set flowers, spaced at 35 mm at base of rachis, decreasing to 0.5 mm at apex; pedicel 0.20.3 mm long. Staminate flowers 1.52 mm long; sepals 4, narrowly obovate, 0.50.9 mm long, connate to c. halfway, glabrous, ciliate; stamens 2 or 3, exserted, 1.22 mm long; anthers 0.30.4 mm long, glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 14 clustered together, 711 by 0.50.8 mm, (sparsely) tomentose; flowers up to 9, laxly arranged at base of rachis, rather densely apex; bracts broadly triangular, 0.51 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; bracteoles triangular, 0.30.5 mm long, puberulous outside, glabrous inside; pedicel 0.51.5 mm long, (sparsely) tomentose. Pistillate flowers 23.5 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, patent, 0.40.8 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; ovary ovoid, 1.52.5 mm long, 2- or 3-locular, smooth, sparsely puberulous; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, ?undivided, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, slightly recurved, 1.22 mm long, laxly laciniate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, sparsely puberulous, style remnant present. Infructescences 717 by 0.50.8 mm, sparsely tomentose; fruiting pedicel 24 mm long, sparsely tomentose. Fruits ellipsoid, not stiped, not beaked, 911 by 78 mm, punctulate, subglabrous; pericarp 0.30.5 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 1 or 2, half-terete, ovoid, c. 7 by 4 by c. 2 mm.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua New Guinea: Northern Province.
« = A. flexuosa;
l = A. ledermannii
Habitat & Ecology Swamp forest; on swampy ground, subject to flooding; along rivers. Altitude: 3075 m. Flowering: May, July, September; fruiting: October.
Aporosa leptochrysandra Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1966) 381 (type only); Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 32; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 300, fig. 3.5m, 3.7o; map 10.44. Type: Darbyshire & Hoogland 8375 (holo K; iso L, LAE), Papua New Guinea, Sepik Prov., Wantapi.
Small tree. Young branches ?glabrous. Stipules not seen, early caducous. Petiole terete, adaxially lowly grooved, 817 by 0.81.2 mm, glabrous, lower pulvinus 11.5 by 11.5 mm, upper pulvinus 35 by 1.22 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 1015 by 47.5 cm; base cuneate to attenuate, basal glands absent; margin subentire, marginal glands few, grey, indistinct; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thinnish, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying greyish to bluish green above, brownish beneath, ?glabrous; dots densely set, fine, grey; disc-like glands along the margin, occasionally present, black. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 68 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches rather distinct, 24 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation fading, laxly reticulate, slightly prominent to flat. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 1127 by 0.51 mm, very sparsely puberulous; peduncle absent; bracts broadly triangular, 0.40.6 mm long, inconspicuous, very sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; glomerules indistinct, consisting of 25 flowers, spaced continuously along the rachis; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 11.5 mm long; sepals 4, elliptic, 0.50.7 mm long, connate to c. halfway, glabrous, margin sparsely ciliate; stamens 2, exserted, 11.8 mm long; anthers 0.20.3 mm long; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences, pistillate flowers, infructescences, fruits, and seeds not seen.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua New Guinea: Sepik Province.
« = A.
leptochrysandra; l =
A. nigropunctata
Habitat & Ecology In tall foothill forest. Altitude: c. 275 m. Flowering: August.
Vernacular name Pohruru (Orne language, Wantipi dialect).
Note Only truly known from the type. Airy Shaw (1966) lists a couple of fruiting specimens, but these belong to A. hermaphrodita or A. carrii.
Aporosa leytensis Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., Bot. 9 (1914) 368; Enum. Philipp. Flow. Pl. 2 (1923) 410; Schot, Blumea 40 (1995) 452; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 301, fig. 3.6n, 3.8e; map 10.45. Type: Wenzel 614 (iso A, BM, L), Philippines, Leyte.
Aporosa alvarezii Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., Bot. 9 (1914) 470; Enum. Philip. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 409. Type: FB (Alvarez) 21245 ( iso K), Philippines, Luzon.
?Aporosa grandistipula auct. non Merr.: Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 7.
(Small or slender) tree, up to 20 m high, up to 18 cm diameter. Bark rufous brown or greyish brown, with scattered small adherent scales; inner bark brown. Wood pale ochre. Young branches tomentose to hirsute. Stipules falcate, 59 mm by 816 mm, sparsely hirsute, glabrescent, often persistent. Petiole terete, adaxially grooved, 716 by 1.22 mm, tomentose to hirsute, glabrescent, pulvinate at both ends, lower pulvinus 1.53 by 1.52.5 mm, sometimes indistinct, upper pulvinus 25 by 1.52.8 mm, distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 1026.5 by 49.5 cm; base rounded to subcordate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate or glandular-serrate, marginal glands regular to many, distinct, greyish to black, young ones hairy; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thinnish, smooth, mostly dull, not brittle, drying greyish or bluish green to reddish brown above, greyish brown beneath, sparsely tomentose to hirsute, glabrescent, midrib tomentose to hirsute above, midrib and nerves tomentose to hirsute beneath; dots laxly set, fine, greyish to black, fading; disc-like glands occasionally few, small at base within marginal arches. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, sometimes sunken, prominent beneath; nerves 913 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 14 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation fading, rather densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, slightly prominent to flat. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 26 clustered together, 1459 by 23 mm, densely (reddish) tomentose; peduncle 26 mm long, 0.81 mm diam.; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 0.81 mm long, sparsely hirsute outside, glabrous inside; glomerules ellipsoid, 24 by 1.22 mm, consisting of 913 densely set flowers, spaced at 12 mm at the base of the rachis, decreasing to 0 mm at apex; pedicel 0.20.3 mm long, sparsely hirsute. Staminate flowers 11.5 mm long; sepals 4 (or 5), obovate, connate at base, 1.21.4 mm long, sparsely hirsute outside, glabrous inside; stamens 4, exserted, 1.21.8 mm long; anthers 0.30.4 mm long, connective ?glabrescent; pistillode 0.20.3 mm long, lumpy, apex hairy. Pistillate inflorescences 14 clustered together, 1835 by 11.5 mm, (reddish) tomentose; flowers up to 11, mostly rather densely set along the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 11.2 mm long, sparsely hirsute outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles triangular, 0.81 mm long, sparsely hirsute outside, glabrous inside; pedicel 13 mm long, (reddish) tomentose. Pistillate flowers 35 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, patent, 0.81.2 mm long, thin, sparsely hirsute outside, glabrous inside; ovary ovoid, 23 mm long, (2- or) 3-locular, smooth, sericeous; stigmas raised, elongated, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, slightly recurved, apically bifid to c. halfway, 11.5 mm long, papillate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, sparsely sericeous, style remnant present. Infructescences 1554 by 1.52 mm, (sparsely) tomentose; fruiting pedicel 25 mm long, (sparsely) tomentose. Fruits (broadly) ovoid, not stiped, slightly beaked, 1217 by 1019 mm, punctulate to smooth, drying (light) brownish, sparsely puberulous; pericarp 0.53 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 13, (half-)terete, ovoid, 811 by 78 by 35 mm.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Philippines, Sulawesi.
Habitat & Ecology Primary, (un)disturbed rain forest; in lowland, on hillsides, hill ridges, along paths or rivers. Soil: clayey volcanic. Altitude:250750 m. Flowering: February, March, September; fruiting: March, June, September.
Uses Fruit said to be edible.
Notes 1. The specimen Johansson, Nyboom & Riebe 198 from Central Sulawesi has subglabrous leaves with relatively more nerves and smaller fruits with a lesser indumentum. Two other collections from North Sulawesi have sparsely tomentose leaves, but have the smaller, less hairy fruits with pericarp 0.51 mm thick like the Central Sulawesian collection. Staminate specimens found in North Sulawesi have also a smaller, less hairy rachis in their inflorescences. This might indicate a geographical variation, but whether these differences are on forma, variety, or even species level is impossible to say on the base of so few collections.
2. Aporosa grandistipula is to my knowledge restricted to Borneo.
Aporosa longicaudata Kaneh. & Hatus. ex Schot, Blumea 40 (1995) 456; Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 303, map 10.42. Type: Kanehira & Hatusima 12343 (holo FU; iso A, BO), Indonesia, Papua Barat, Nabire.
Tree or shrub, up to 10 m high. Young branches sparsely tomentose. Stipules (narrowly) ovate, oblique, 914 by 36 mm, at base very sparsely hirsute beneath, present in young stages. Petiole terete, adaxially grooved, 38 by 0.81 mm, sparsely tomentose, lower pulvinus c. 1 by 1 mm, upper pulvinus 1.53 by 11.2 mm, both rather distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 6.514 by 1.54.5 cm; base cuneate to slightly attenuate, basal glands absent; margin irregularly lowly glandular-crenate to subentire, marginal glands few, small, indistinct; apex cuspidate to caudate; blade thin, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying dark greyish green above, blackening, (dark) brown beneath, only midrib sparsely tomentose above, glabrescent, midrib and nerves sparsely tomentose beneath, glabrescent; dots densely set, fine, black, fading; disc-like glands seldom present, along margin, black. Nervation: midrib flat to slightly sunken above, prominent beneath; nerves 1013 pairs, flat to slightly sunken above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 24 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation fading, rather densely reticulate, slightly prominent to flat above, slightly prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences clustered 3 or 4 together, 47 by 11.5 mm, sparsely tomentose; peduncle 0.51 by 0.50.8 mm; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 0.50.8 mm long, (sub)glabrous outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; glomerules globose, rather indistinct, consisting of 57 rather densely set flowers, set continuously along the rachis or slightly interrupted at base; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 0.30.6 mm long; sepals 4, obovate, 0.50.7 mm long, connate at base only, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; stamens 2, not to slightly exserted, 0.30.5 mm long; anthers c. 0.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences clustered 1 or 2 together, c. 6 by 0.8 mm, tomentose; flowers up to 11, rather laxly set at base of rachis, more densely apically; bracts broadly triangular, 0.50.8 mm long, sparsely hirsute outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; bracteoles triangular, 0.40.6 mm long, sparsely sericeous outside, glabrous inside; pedicel minute. Pistillate flowers c. 4 mm long; sepals in young fruit 4, ovate, patent, 0.40.7 mm long, thin, sparsely hirsute outside, glabrous inside; ovary ovoid, c. 3 mm long, 3-locular, smooth, sparsely tomentose, glabrescent towards apex; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, recurved, apically bifid to c. halfway, 11.5 mm long, papillate to laciniate above, glabrous, ribbed beneath, sparsely hairy, style remnant absent. Infructescences 1447 by 0.81.2 mm, sparsely tomentose; fruiting pedicel less than 0.5 mm long, sparsely tomentose. Fruits ovoid, not stiped, not beaked, 1011 by 910 mm, punctulate to smooth, drying dark brown, sometimes mottled, sparsely puberulous; pericarp 0.51.2 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 3, half-terete, ovoid, 78 by c. 6 by 23 mm.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua Barat, Papua New Guinea.
l = A.heterodoxa;
« = A. lamellata;
q = A. longicaudata;
u = A. misimana
Habitat & Ecology Broken forest, on hillsides. Altitude: 10400 m. Flowering: April, May, August; fruiting: March, June.
Aporosa lucida (Miq.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 38; Kew Bull. 32 (1978) 362; 36 (1981) 255; 37 (1982) 8; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 252, fig. 3.6i, 10.4; map 10.22. Tetractinostigma lucidum Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., Suppl. (1860) 471. Type: Teysmann HB 4558 (holo U; ?iso BO), Sumatra.
Aporosa miqueliana Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 474; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 278; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 103; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 241; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Sandakan 7 (1967) 34; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 61. Type: Teysmann s.n. (BO, n.v.), Sumatra.
Aporosa microsphaera Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 350; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 279; J.J. Sm., Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indiλ 10 (1910) 243; Koord., Exkurs.-Fl. Java 2 (1912) 481; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 86; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1964) 456. Lectotype (designated by Schot, 2004): Kings Collector 7933 (holo P; iso ?BO), Peninsular Malaysia, Perak.
Aporosa borneensis Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 87. Type: Korthals s.n. (iso L), Borneo.
Leiocarpus arboreus auct. non Blume: Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., Suppl. (1860) 443.
(Small) tree or shrub, up to 18 m high, up to 25 cm diameter. Bark (pale or dark) brown, (pale) fawn, (pale) grey, fawn-grey, reddish yellow, yellowish, whitish, or greenish, grey mottled, dippled, smooth, scaly, or lenticellate to rugose, thin, papery flaky; inner bark (pale) brown, (pale) yellow, yellowish brown, red-brown, or greenish brown, thin, fibrous. Sapwood (pale) brown, (pale) yellow, yellowish, light orange, or white, hard. Young branches white, very sparsely puberulous. Stipules not seen, caducous. Petiole half-terete, ridged, 625 by 0.81.5 mm, glabrous, lower pulvinus 1.53 by 12 mm, upper pulvinus 25 by 12.2 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly obovate, 5.524 by 29 cm; base obtuse to attenuate, basal glands present, fading; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands regular, distinct, brownish; apex acuminate to cuspidate; thin, smooth, sometimes brittle, rather shiny, drying yellow-brown to dark green above and beneath; completely glabrous; dots rather laxly set, fine, greyish to black, fading; disc-like glands small, few, scattered within marginal arches, fading. Nervation: midrib prominent on both sides; nerves 811 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 1.56 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, fading in older leaves, densely reticulate, slightly prominent to flat. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 28 clustered together, 930 by 12 mm, puberulous; peduncle absent; bracts broadly triangular, 0.30.5 mm long, inconspicuous, glabrous, margin ciliate; glomerules ellipsoid, 1.52.2 by c. 1 mm, consisting of more than 10 densely set flowers, approximately continuously set along the rachis or spaced at 0.52 mm at base of rachis, continuous apically; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 0.40.8 mm long; sepals 3 or 4, obovate, 0.50.7 mm long, almost free, very sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside, margin sparsely ciliate; stamens 2, not exserted, 0.30.5 mm long; anthers 0.20.3 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode lumpy, minute, ciliate. Pistillate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 35 by 11.2 mm, puberulous, flowers up to 9, densely arranged along the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.30.6 mm long, glabrous, margin sparsely ciliate; bracteoles ovate, 0.20.4 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; pedicel minute, tomentose. Pistillate flowers 23.5 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, patent, 0.61 mm long, base fleshy, sparsely hairy at base outside, glabrous inside; ovary ovoid, 1.52.5 mm long, 2- (or 3-)locular, punctulate, glabrous or sparsely hairy; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, slightly ascending from the sides of the ovary, straight, apically almost completely divided, 0.30.9 mm long, ribbed above, margins papillate to laciniate, glabrous, smooth beneath, glabrous, style remnant present. Infructescences 39 by 0.81.5 mm, puberulous; fruiting pedicel 00.5 mm long, puberulous. Fruits globose to broadly ovoid or ellipsoid, not stiped, sometimes slightly beaked, 711 by 612 mm, punctulate to finely granular, drying (dark) brown to black, glabrous; pericarp 0.30.8 mm thick, not fleshy, taste recorded sweet; septae and column sparsely hirsute at (central) margins (sometimes glabrescent!). Seeds 1, 2 (or 3), half-terete, ellipsoid, 58 by 67 by 34 mm; aril juicy, sweetish.
Section Appendiculatae.
Distribution Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, and the Moluccas (Sula Islands).
Habitat & Ecology Primary, secondary, (somewhat) disturbed, and logged over forest, evergreen, mixed dipterocarp, heath or transition between heath and kerangas, submontane forest, fresh water swamp, or periodically inundated; on steep to gentle ridges, hill sides, and hill tops; on flat or (low) undulating land, open, partly shaded, or dry country. Soil: shale, sandy, granitic sand, clayey sand, or clay, yellow or red. Altitude: 01200 m. Flowering: March to October; fruiting throughout the year.
Vernacular names Sumatra: Bangka: Tulang kera. Borneo: Kunau kunau (Brunei); ombah sampori, ubah bunkan (Bukit Baka); kapit kapit, Penatan (Dusun); kayu masam (Iban); pupoo (Tengara).
Notes 1. Separating A. lucida and A. aurea is rather difficult. Aporosa aurea has mostly larger leaves with longer petioles that dry often with a quite lurid shade of yellow, continuously spaced glomerules, and pistillate flower clusters of up to 5. Aporosa lucida has smaller, more darker drying leaves, glomerules slightly interrupted, and pistillate flower clusters of up to 9. These differences show, however, variation and overlap. The only trustworthy differentiating character I found is the absence/presence of the marginal glands.
2. Aporosa lucida is quite variable in shape and indumentum of the fruit. Airy Shaw (1978) described one fruit type as a variety, the ellipsoid fruits from North Sumatra. To be consistent, I described two new varieties: one with puberulous ovaries from Java and the Sula Islands, and a 3-locular form from Borneo. They are identical in vegetative and staminate characters, and because the difference in globose and ellipsoid fruits is often caused by the number of seeds developing, and as locularity and indumentum of the ovary is variable in other species (e.g., A. nervosa and A. octandra) I see no reason to distinguish them on a higher level.
Key to the varieties
|
1a. |
Ovary and fruit glabrous. Northern West-Malesia |
2 |
|
1b. |
Ovary and fruit (sparsely) puberulous. Southern West-Malesia |
c. var. pubescens |
|
Ovary and fruit (mostly) 2-locular |
3 |
|
|
2b. |
Ovary and fruit (often) 3-locular. Borneo |
d. var. trilocularis |
|
Fruit ellipsoid. North Sumatra |
||
|
3b. |
Fruit globose. Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, or Borneo |
a. var. lucida |
a. var. lucida
Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 256.
For nomenclature see under species.
Pistillate flowers: ovary 2-locular, glabrous. Fruit globose, 711 by 612 mm, punctulate, drying light brown to black, glabrous. Seeds mostly 2.
l = var. lucida; « = var. ellipsoidea; u = var. pubescens; q = var. trilocularis
Distribution Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo.
b. var. ellipsoidea Airy Shaw
Aporosa lucida (Miq.) Airy Shaw var. ellipsoidea Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 32 (1978) 362; 36 (1981) 256; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 256. Lectotype (designated by Schot, 2004): De Wilde & De Wilde-Duyfjes 12817 (holo K; iso BO, L), Sumatra, Atjeh.
Pistillate flowers: ovary 2-locular, glabrous. Fruits ellipsoid, not stiped, not beaked, 1011 by 78 mm, punctulate, drying light to dark brown, glabrous. Seeds mostly 1.
Distribution Malesia: North Sumatra.
c. var. pubescens Schot
Aporosa lucida (Miq.) Airy Shaw var. pubescens Schot, Blumea 40 (1995) 457; Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 256. Type: Wiriadinata 873 (holo L; iso BO), W Java.
Pistillate flowers: ovary 2-locular, sparsely sericeous. Fruits globose to broadly ovoid, 711 by 612 mm, punctulate, drying (dark) brownish, sparsely hairy. Seeds most-
ly 2.
Distribution Malesia: Java, the Moluccas (Sula Islands). Once found in Sumatra (Bangka) and Kalimantan, Mentawir region.
Note The only known Sulawesi collection is unfortunately staminate, so I cannot identify it positively as var. pubescens!.
d. var. trilocularis Schot
Aporosa lucida (Miq.) Airy Shaw var. trilocularis Schot, Blumea 40 (1995) 457; Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 256. Type: Nooteboom 4047 (holo L), Ind. Borneo, Bukit Raya.
Pistillate flowers: ovary 3-locular, glabrous. Fruits globose, 1011 by 1011 mm, (lowly) granular, drying dark brown to black, glabrous. Seeds 3.
Distribution Malesia: (mostly North) Borneo
Note Often mistaken for Drypetes.
Aporosa lunata (Miq.) Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 42, 2 (1873) 239; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 352; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 279; J.J. Sm., Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indiλ 10 (1910) 236; Koord., Exkurs.-Fl. Java 2 (1912) 480; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 82; Merr., Enum. Born. Pl. (1921) 330; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 237; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1964) 456; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Sandakan 7 (1967) 33; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 216; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 59; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 38; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 256; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 281, fig. 3.6k, 10.5; map 10.37; Schot & Welzen in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 90, fig. 18. Antidesma lunatum Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., Suppl. (1860) 467; Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 251. Type: Teysmann s.n. (holo BO; iso K, L), Sumatra, Palembang.
Bridelia? rugosa Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., eerste bijv. (1860) 178, 445; Jabl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.viii (1915) 87. Type: Teysmann HB 4544 (holo U, barcode U 0001859), Indonesia, Sumatra, Lampong.
Tree, up to 27 m high, up to 29 cm diam.; buttresses c. 1.5 m by 1.5 cm. Bark pale black, dark brown, reddish, greenish or greyish brown, grey mottled, flaking, cracked, shallowly fissured, or smooth; inner bark greenish, pink, bright red, or red-yellowish brown, soft, granular. Wood whitish (yellow). Twigs green, tomentose. Stipules falcate, 69 by 1115 mm, mostly persistent, black disc-like glands beneath along margin, sparsely hairy. Petiole terete, ridged, 620 by 22.5 mm, hirsute, lower pulvinus 23 by 23 mm, upper pulvinus 47 by 23 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, 9.543 by 3.513 cm; base obtuse to emarginate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate, marginal glands regular, small, black, in margin; apex acuminate; blade thick, smooth, sometimes slightly bullate, shiny, not brittle, drying bright green to reddish brown above, (light) golden brown beneath, very sparsely hirsute above, midrib (sparsely) hirsute, glabrescent, (sparsely) hirsute beneath; dots irregularly set, fine, grey, fading; disc-like glands present along the margin, many, distinct, black. Nervation: midrib flat to prominent in a furrow above, prominent beneath; nerves 1014 pairs, sunken above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 1.54 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, densely reticulate to slightly scalariform, flat to sunken above, prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 36 clustered together, 1533 by 23 mm, puberulous; peduncle 1.54 by c. 1 mm; bracts not seen; glomerules indistinct, ellipsoid, dense, consisting of more than 10 flowers, spaced continuously along the rachis; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 1.52.5 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, obovate, 0.51 mm long, connate to halfway, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; stamens 2 or 3, strongly exserted, 1.22 mm long; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode cylindrical, c. 0.3 mm long. Pistillate inflorescences 25 clustered together, 727(45) by 11.2 mm, puberulous, flowers up to 15, densely arranged at apical 7/8th of rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.40.5 mm, sericeous outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles ovate, 0.20.3 mm long, sericeous outside, glabrous inside; pedicel 11.5 mm long, densely sericeous. Pistillate flowers 23 mm long; sepals 5 or 6, narrowly elliptic, patent, c. 1 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; staminodes erratically 2 or 3 present; ovary ellipsoid, 1.82.3 mm long, 3- (or 4-)locular, smooth, (densely) sericeous; stigmas sessile, elongated, apically bifid to c. halfway, flattened to the sides of the ovary, straight, 23 mm long, lowly longitudinally ribbed above, glabrous, smooth beneath, glabrous, style remnant absent. Infructescences 1133 by 24 mm, puberulous; fruiting pedicel 1.54 mm long, sericeous. Fruits ovoid, sometimes slightly flask-shaped, not stiped, not beaked, 1016 by 914 mm, punctulate to smooth, sparsely hairy, glabrescent, sour; pericarp 0.51 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 3, half-terete, ellipsoid, 89 by 78 by 34 mm.
Section Benthamianae.
Distribution Malesia: Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology Primary and secondary lowland evergreen forest; on hillsides, ridges, and along river banks; in flat, hilly, and moist land. Soil: sandstone, sandy and rich clay, granitic rock, or granodiorite derived. Altitude: low to 1300 m. Flowering: February to April, August to November; fruiting: April to December.
Vernacular names Sumatra: Semasan (abu) (Palembang). Borneo: Kayu masam (Iban).
Notes 1. The type, Teysmann s.n., has pistillate flowers. Miquel (1860) wrongly interpreted the erect young smooth stigma lobes as filaments.
2. Some Bornean specimens have branched staminate spikes.
Aporosa maingayi Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 348; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 278; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 99; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 241; Corner, Wayside Trees Malaya (1940) 237; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 339, fig. 3.6l, 4.3a, c; map 10.62. Lectotype (designated by Schot, 2004): Maingay KD 1418 (holo BM; iso L), Malacca.
Aporosa isabellina Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 25 (1971) 475; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 61. Type: KEP (Cockburn) 115985, (holo K; iso L), Peninsular Malaysia, Kelantan.
Shrub or tree, up to 10 m high, up to 17.5 cm diameter. Bark (light) grey to blackish brown or fawn, smooth or scaly with papery, elongated, adpressed scales; inner bark cream-yellow to brown. Wood pale yellow-orange to brown or white. Young branches sparsely tomentose. Stipules narrowly ovate, often oblique, 412 by 14 mm, sparsely sericeous near base outside, glabrous inside, present in young stages. Petiole terete, adaxially shallowly grooved, 69 by 0.50.8 mm, puberulous, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 0.51.5 by c. 1 mm, upper pulvinus 13.5 by 0.81.2 mm, both rather distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 6.513 by 1.55 cm; base cuneate to attenuate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to subentire, marginal glands few, small, indistinct, black; apex caudate; blade thin, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying orcheous-grey to green-grey above, brownish grey beneath, only midrib puberulous above, sparsely puberulous beneath, midrib and nerves puberulous, glabrescent; dots irregularly densely set, fine, greyish, fading; disc-like glands seldom present, few, minute, black, along the margin. Nervation: midrib prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 68 pairs, flat to slightly sunken above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 1.52.5 mm from the margin; tertiary nerves and venation fading, rather densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, flat above, slightly prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 14 clustered together, 58 by 11.5 mm, puberulous; peduncle 01.5 by 0.8 mm; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 0.50.6 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; glomerules subglobose, 0.51 by 0.50.7 mm, often indistinct, consisting of 48 densely set flowers, spaced at less than 0.1 mm along the rachis; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 0.30.5 mm long; sepals 4 (or 5), elliptic, connate at base, 0.40.6 mm long, hairy outside, glabrous inside; stamens 2, slightly exserted, 0.40.7 mm; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 37 by 11.5 mm, puberulous; flowers up to 7, of rachis, densely set along the rachis, sometimes rather laxly set at base, densely apically; bracts broadly triangular, 0.50.7 mm long, sericeous outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles ovate, 0.30.5 mm long, sericeous outside, glabrous inside; pedicel absent. Pistillate flowers 12 mm long; sepals 4 (or 5), ovate, patent, 0.51.1 mm long, thin, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; ovary ellipsoid, 1.51.7 mm long, 2-locular, densely sericeous; stigmas sessile, broad, flattened to the top and sides of the ovary, straight, apically bifid to near base, 0.30.5 mm long, densely laciniate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, glabrous, style remnant absent. Infructescences 37 by 11.5, puberulous; fruiting pedicel absent. Fruits ellipsoid, not stiped, not beaked, 810 by 58 mm, punctate, drying brownish, sparsely hairy; pericarp 0.50.8 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 1 (or 2), (half-)terete, ellipsoid, 68 by 4.56 by 23.5 mm.
Section Sundanenses.
Distribution Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore.
Habitat & Ecology In primary, secondary, disturbed and logged forest; low undulating country; on hill sides, ridges and near streams. Soil: granitic or sandy, white. Altitude: 15900 m. Flowering: January, March to July, October; fruiting: May to September.
Vernacular names Sebasah, nipis kulit (Malay).
Note Aporosa maingayi was united by Airy Shaw (1969) with A. microstachya. Three years later, he described a new species for Peninsular Malaysia, A. isabellina (Airy Shaw, 1971). Aporosa isabellina resembles A. microstachya, but Airy Shaw associated it with A. subcaudata and A. elmeri. However, the syntypes of A. maingayi (Maingay KD 14128 and Cantley s.n.) also represent A. isabellina. Even though they lack, probably through their age, the typical orcheous-grey colour, the nervation of the leaves, the flowers, and the fruits are unmistakably those of A. isabellina. This means that A. maingayi needs to be reinstated with A. isabellina as synonym.
Aporosa microstachya (Tul.) Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 474; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 349; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 102; Henderson, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 7 (1933) 124; Hundley & Ko, List Trees, Shrubs, Burma, ed. 3 (1961) 229; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23 (1969) 2, excl. A. maingayi; Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 217; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 61; Chakrab. & Gangop., J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 17 (1993) 166; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 340, map 10.63; Schot & Welzen in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 92. Scepa microstachya Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 3 (1851) 255. Aporosa tulasneana Baill., Ιtude Gιn. Euphorb. (1858) 645, nom. illig. Type: Wallich 7985 (holo P, sub no. Wallich 591; iso K-WALL), Burma, Tavoy.
Aporosa maingayi Hook.f. var. penangensis auct. non Ridl.: Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 2, p.p., tantum spec. Haniff s.n.
Shrub or tree, up to 10.5 m high, up to 12.5 cm diameter. Bark (reddish) brown, grey(ish), or blackish, smooth or finely roughened, thin; inner bark red, thin. Wood white. Young branches (sparsely) tomentose. Stipules narrowly ovate, very slightly oblique, 34 by 11.5 mm, hairy beneath, present in young stages. Petiole terete, adaxially grooved, 68 by 0.50.8 mm, tomentose, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 11.5 by 0.81 mm, upper pulvinus 23 by 0.91.1 mm, both rather distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 612 by 23.5 cm; base cuneate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands regular, small, blackish grey; apex cuspidate to caudate; blade thin, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying blue-green above, blackening, (light) brown beneath, only midrib puberulous above, very sparsely puberulous beneath, midrib and nerves puberulous, glabrescent; dots irregularly patchy densely set, fine, greyish, fading; disc-like glands seldom present, few, minute, blackish, along the margin. Nervation: midrib prominent; nerves 57 pairs, flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 12.5 mm from the margin; tertiary nerves and venation fading, laxly reticulate, flat above, slightly prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 25 clustered together, 614 by 11.5 mm-, sparsely puberulous; peduncle 00.5 by c. 0.8 mm; bracts not seen, inconspicuous; glomerules subglobose, 0.71 by 0.50.7 mm, mostly indistinct, consisting of 710 densely set flowers, often continuously set along the rachis, sometimes slightly interrupted at base; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 0.40.6 mm long; sepals 4, obovate, connate at base only, 0.30.5 mm long, puberulous; stamens 2, slightly exserted, 0.40.6 mm long; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 25 by 11.5 mm, puberulous; flowers up to 5, often densely set along the rachis, sometimes laxly set at base; bracts broadly triangular, 0.40.6 mm long, puberulous outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles ovate, 0.20.3 mm long, densely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; pedicel 00.5 mm long, puberulous. Pistillate flowers 1.52.5 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, patent, 0.50.7 mm long, thin, puberulous; ovary ovoid to slightly flask-shaped, 1.52 mm long, 2-locular, punctulate, puberulous; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, flattened to the sides of the ovary, rather straight, apically bifid to near base, 1.52.5 mm long, densely laciniate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, sparsely hairy, style remnant absent. Infructescences 34 by 0.81 mm, puberulous; fruiting pedicel 00.5 mm long, puberulous. Fruits (narrowly) ovoid, not stiped, slightly beaked, 912 by 56.5 mm, punctulate, drying dark brown to black, sparsely hairy; pericarp 0.30.5 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 1 (or 2), half-terete, ellipsoid, 67.5 by 4.55 by 2.53.5 mm.
Section Sundanenses.
Distribution Burma (Tenasserim); Malesia: Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia.
Habitat & Ecology Primary, degraded, or disturbed (dipterocarp), evergreen forest; sometimes dry; lowland, hill sides, ridges. Soil: shale & granitic or limestone bedrock. Altitude: 10480 m. Flowering: December to April; fruiting: January to July, November.
Vernacular names Thailand: Krim kao (Thai); rzip, reb (Bazek).
Note Tulasne (1851) cited as type Wallich 591, and this is also the number under which it is labelled in P. However, the only specimen in Wallichs herbarium that matches it is Wallich 7985.
Aporosa misimana Airy Shaw ex Schot, Blumea 40 (1995) 457; Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 304, fig. 3.6x, 3.8i; map 10.42. Type: Brass 27800 (holo K; iso L, LAE), Papua New Guinea, Sudest Island.
Tree, up to 15 m high, up to 20 cm diameter. Bark black; inner bark (light) green or dark red, thinly fibrous. Wood white or orange-brown Young branches sparsely puberulous. Stipules slightly falcate, 24 by 46 mm, at margin sparsely hairy beneath, caducous. Petiole terete, adaxially lowly grooved to smooth, 614 by 0.81.2 mm, sparsely puberulous, lower pulvinus 12 by 11.2 mm, upper pulvinus 1.52.5 by 11.5 mm, both distinct. Leaves (narrowly) elliptic, 818 by 2.57 cm; base cordate to cuneate, basal glands absent; margin subentire, marginal glands few, grey, indistinct; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thin, smooth, slightly shiny, not brittle, drying grey-green to brown above, darkening, (dark) brown beneath, ?glabrous above, midrib and nerves sparsely puberulous beneath; dots densely set, fine, black; disc-like glands occasionally present, along the margin, black. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 79 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, (slightly) prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 13 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, rather densely reticulate, slightly prominent to flat above, slightly prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 816 by 11.5 mm, sparsely puberulous; peduncle absent; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 0.50.7 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; glomerules indistinct, consisting of 46 flowers, spaced rather continuously along the rachis; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 1.21.8 mm long; sepals 4, elliptic, 0.50.7 mm long, connate to halfway, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; stamens 2, exserted, 11.8 mm long; anthers 0.20.3 mm long, glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 36 by 0.51 mm, tomentose; flowers up to 9, densely arranged along the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.40.7 mm long, puberulous outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles narrowly ovate, 0.20.4 mm long, puberulous outside, glabrous inside; pedicel minute, 00.3 mm long. Pistillate flowers 34.5 mm long; sepals 4 (or 5), ovate (the 5th narrowly ovate), patent, 0.50.8 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; ovary ovoid, 23.5 mm long, 2-locular, smooth, very sparsely puberulous, glabrescent; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, apically bifid to slightly more than halfway, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, recurved, 1.52.5 mm long, laxly papillate to laciniate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, very sparsely puberulous, style remnant present. Infructescences 318 by 0.81.2 mm, (sparsely) tomentose; fruiting pedicel minute. Fruits (broadly) ellipsoid, not stiped, not beaked, 810 by 710 mm, punctate, subglabrous; pericarp 0.51 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 1 or 2, (half-)terete, ellipsoid, c. 6.5 by 4.5 by 3 mm.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua New Guinea: Eastern Papuan Islands.
l = A.heterodoxa;
« = A. lamellata;
q = A. longicaudata;
u = A. misimana
Habitat & Ecology Rain forest; in low land, on hills and ridges. Altitude: 60300 m. Flowering: August; fruiting: March, July, August.
Aporosa nervosa Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 350; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 279; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 97; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 238; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Sandakan 7 (1967) 34; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23 (1969) 4; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 61; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975); Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 256; Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 8; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 342, fig. 3.6m, 3.7a, 3.11a, 4.2a; map 10.64; Schot & Welzen in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 92, fig. 19a-c. Type: Maingay KD 1365 (holo K), Peninsular Malaysia.
Aporosa sphaeridiophora Merr. var. pubescens J.J. Sm., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 6 (1924) 109; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23 (1969) 4, nomen.
Aporosa penangensis auct. non (Ridl.) Airy Shaw: Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 256.
Tree, up to 30 m high, up to 45 cm diameter. Bark dark chocolate brown to reddish brown to light brown or grey, smooth, slightly fissured and flaking, 45 mm thick; inner bark pink, or dull or reddish brown, c. 5 mm thick. Wood cream, yellow, or pale to dull orange-brown. Exudate watery, resinous, sticky. Young branches (sparsely) puberulous. Stipules narrowly ovate, slightly oblique, 710 by 35 mm, (sparsely) tomentose, caducous. Petiole terete, smooth, 821 by 0.81.2 mm, (sparsely) puberulous, lower pulvinus 1.53 by 1.21.8 mm, upper pulvinus 25 by 1.22 mm, both distinct. Leaves (narrowly) elliptic, 8.521 by 2.58 cm; base obtuse to attenuate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands regular, large, black; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thickish, smooth, dull, older leaves brittle, drying greenish grey to greenish blue above, greyish brown beneath, only midrib at base very sparsely puberulous above, very sparsely hirsute beneath, glabrescent, midrib and nerves (sparsely) hirsute; dots densely set, large, black, distinct, fading; disc-like glands absent. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 69 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches often distinct, 13 mm from the margin; veins and venation fading, rather laxly reticulate, slightly scalariform, flat above, (slightly) prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 1457 by 1.52 mm, puberulous; peduncle 24 by 0.81 mm; bracts inconspicuous, triangular, 1.21.5 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; glomerules subglobose, lax, consisting of 610 flowers, 1.52 by c. 1.5 mm, spaced at 23 mm at base, decreasing to 0 mm at apex; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 23 mm long; sepals 4, obovate, ridged, 1.21.5 mm long, connate to c. halfway, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; stamens 3 or 4, exserted, 23 mm long; anthers 0.30.4 mm long, connective sparsely hairy; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 1 or 2 clustered together, 59 by 0.81.2 mm, (sparsely) puberulous, the flowers up to 9, rather densely arranged throughout, more densely so apically; bracts triangular, 0.70.9 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; bracteoles triangular to ovate, 0.40.6 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; pedicel 0.81 mm long, (sparsely) puberulous. Pistillate flowers 23 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, patent, 0.81.2 mm long, at base sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; ovary ellipsoid, 1.52.5 mm long, 2-, 3- (or 4-)locular, smooth, (sparsely) puberulous, glabrescent towards apex; stigmas sessile, elongated, apically bifid to near base, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, slightly recurved, 0.81.2 mm long, smooth above, margins lowly laciniate, glabrous, smooth beneath, sparsely hairy, style remnant present. Infructescences 732 by 11.8 mm, (sparsely) puberulous; fruiting pedicel 28 mm long, (sparsely) puberulous. Fruits ellipsoid to globose, not stiped, not beaked, 1022 by 913 mm, rather smooth, sparsely hairy; pericarp 0.81.5 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 13, half-terete, ellipsoid, 79 by 56 by 23 mm.
Section Sundanenses.
Distribution Malesia: Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology Primary and secondary mixed dipterocarp forest; lowland, high, or alluvial forest; flat or undulating land, on hill sides, ridges, near swamps, along river banks. Soil: clay, sandy loam, granitic sand, black or red. Altitude: 20800 m. Flowering: January to May, August; fruiting: May to February.
Vernacular names Sumatra: Rangkap (Tamuk); semasan lanang, semasan betino (Palembang).
Note Airy Shaw (1982) records A. nervosa from the Moluccas, but I have not seen these collections. They probably represent, as the A. sphaeridiophora collections from these islands, A. dendroidea Schot.
Aporosa nigricans Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 347; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 278; Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., Bot. 11 (1916) 65; Enum. Born. Pl. (1921) 330; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 97; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 239; Merr., Pl. Elmer. Born. (1929) 142; S.Moore, J. Bot. Brit. & For. 63 Suppl. (1925) 97; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Sandakan 7 (1967) 33; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 217; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 61; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 39; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 256; Chakrabarty & Basu, J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 6 (1985) 432; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 258, map 10.24; Schot & Welzen in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 94. Type: Kings Collector 3839 (holo K), Peninsular Malaysia, Perak.
Tree, up to 18 m high, up to 20 cm diameter. Bark brownish, greyish, whitish, greenish, light grey, or dull fawn, spotted, smooth, thin papery; inner bark pale yellow, pale brown, (yellow-)pinkish, orange, or white. Wood white, yellow, or brown yellow. Young branches sparsely puberulous. Stipules caducous. Petiole terete, smooth or adaxially lowly grooved, 932 by 1.21.8 mm, sparsely puberulous, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 1.52.5 by 1.52 mm, upper pulvinus 25 by 1.52.5 mm, both distinct. Leaves (narrowly) elliptic, 12.527.5 by 4.514.5 cm; base rounded to acute, basal glands small, brownish (hairy in young leaves), often indistinct; margin lowly undulate to glandular-crenate or glandular-serrate, marginal glands regular, distinct, blackish (hairy in young leaves); apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thinnish, smooth, dull, not brittle, sometimes thicker and shiny, drying brownish or greenish above, darker beneath, blackening, glabrous above, sparsely hirsute beneath, glabrescent; dots rather densely set, very fine, black to brown, fading; disc-like glands absent. Nervation: midrib (slightly) prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 811 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, (slightly) prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 1.55 mm from the margin; tertiary nerves and venation distinct, rather densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, slightly prominent to slightly sunken near the margin above, slightly prominent to flat beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences clustered 16 together, 828 by 1.82.5 mm, probably tomentose; peduncle 02 by c. 1.5 mm; bracts broadly triangular, 0.61 mm long, inconspicuous, sparsely hirsute outside, glabrous inside; glomerules ellipsoid, consisting of 1320 densely set flowers, 1.52.5 by c. 1 mm, spaced at c. 0.1 mm along the rachis; pedicel minute, 0.20.3 mm long. Staminate flowers 0.40.6 mm long; sepals (3 or) 4 (or 5), obovate, 0.50.8 mm long, connate at base, sparsely hirsute outside, glabrous inside; stamens 2, not to slightly exserted, 0.30.6 mm long; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode a minute hair tuft. Pistillate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 29 by 1.52 mm, tomentose; flowers up to 9, densely arranged along the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.81.6 mm long, sparsely hirsute outside, (sub)glabrous inside; bracteoles ovate, 0.51.4 mm long, sparsely hirsute outside, subglabrous inside; pedicel small, 0.31 mm long, tomentose. Pistillate flowers 34.5 mm long; sepals (3 or) 4, ovate, patent, 1.22 mm long, base fleshy, tomentose outside, glabrous inside; occasionally 1 staminode present, obconical, c. 0.6 mm long; ovary ellipsoid, 23.5 mm, 2-locular, punctulate, densely tomentose; stigmas sessile to slightly raised, elongated, ascending from the sides of the ovary, straight, apically (almost) completely divided, 0.51.5 mm long, papillate to laciniate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, tomentose, style remnant present. Infructescences 211 by 1.82.3 mm, sericeous; fruiting pedicel 11.5 mm long. Fruits ovoid, not stiped, not beaked, 1012 by 912 mm, punctulate to smooth, drying blackish to brownish with yellowish whitish sutures, sparsely hairy; pericarp 0.51.5 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column (sparsely) sericeous, mostly along margins. Seeds 2, half-terete, ovoid, 68.5 by 68 by 34 mm.
Section Appendiculatae.
Distribution Malesia: Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo. Also recorded from the Nicobars by Chakrabarty & Basu (1985), but I did not see these collections.
Habitat & Ecology Primary, secondary, logged over, cleared, or open forest, wet kerangas, or margins of swamp forest; in flat to low undulating land; along road sides, hill sides, hill ridges, steep or gentle slopes. Soil: sandy or sandstone with clay, brown to black. Altitude: 5600 m. Flowering: April to July, September; fruiting: May to October, December, February.
Vernacular names Peninsular Malaysia: Tebasah (Malay). Borneo: Sabah: Tampui munyit (Lamag District).
Note One specimen seen with an ant nest on its leaf.
Aporosa nigropunctata Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 98; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1966) 382, excl. var. antennifera; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 32; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 305, fig. 3.6y; map 10.44. Lectotype (designated by Schot, 2004): Ledermann 9698 (holo B; iso L), Papua New Guinea, Sepik Prov., April river.
Tree or shrub, up to 8 m high, up to 6 cm diameter. Bark reddish brown, coppery brown, or pale grey brown, vertically cracked; inner bark reddish or straw brown. Wood pinkish brown. Young branches (sparsely) tomentose. Stipules narrowly ovate, slightly oblique, 1.52 by 0.50.8 mm, sparsely puberulous beneath, caducous. Petiole terete, adaxially lowly grooved, 513 by 0.50.8, (sparsely) tomentose, lower pulvinus 11.5 by 0.81 mm, upper pulvinus 1.53 by 0.81.2 mm, both rather distinct. Leaves (narrowly) elliptic, 512.5 by 1.54.5 cm; base rounded to slightly attenuate, basal glands absent; margin lowly crenate to subentire, marginal glands few, black, indistinct; apex cuspidate to caudate; blade thin, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying greyish brown or greenish brown above, blackening, (dark) brown beneath, ?glabrous above, only midrib and nerves (sparsely) tomentose beneath; dots densely set, fine, black, fading; disc-like glands often present, small, along the margin. Nervation: midrib flat to raised in a furrow above, prominent beneath; nerves 69 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 13 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, rather densely reticulate, slightly prominent to flat above, slightly prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 15 clustered together, 1021 by 11.5 mm, puberulous; peduncle 14 by c. 0.5 mm; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 0.50.8 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; glomerules globose, 1.51.8 by 1.21.8 mm, consisting of 610 densely set flowers, set at 24 mm along the rachis; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 11.5 mm long; sepals 4, obovate, 0.50.8 mm long, connate to c. halfway, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; stamens 2 or 3, slightly exserted, 0.81.2 mm long; anthers 0.20.3 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode cylindric, minute, hairy. Pistillate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 714 by 0.50.8 mm, (sparsely) puberulous; flowers up to 8, rather laxly set at base of rachis, more densely apically; bracts broadly triangular, 0.50.8 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; bracteoles ovate, 0.30.5 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; pedicel 11.7 mm long, puberulous. Pistillate flowers 2.53.5 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, patent, 0.72 mm long, thin, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; ovary ovoid, 1.52 mm long, 3-locular, smooth, sparsely sericeous; stigmas raised, elongated, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, slightly recurved, apically bifid to near base, lobes sometimes lowly divided, 1.22.2 mm long, longitudinally ribbed above, margins laciniate, glabrous, smooth beneath, sparsely puberulous, style remnant absent. Infructescences 838 by 0.81 mm, (sparsely) puberulous; fruiting pedicel 35 mm long, puberulous. Fruits ovoid to globose, slightly lobed, not stiped, beaked, 911 by 812 mm, punctulate, drying (dark) brownish, sparsely puberulous; pericarp 0.51.5 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 2 or 3, half-terete, ovoid, 77.5 by 66.5 by c. 2 mm.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua New Guinea.
« = A.
leptochrysandra; l =
A. nigropunctata
Habitat & Ecology Secondary and lower montane forest; on hillsides; in undulating country, moderately dry. Altitude: 30900 m. Flowering: May, June, September to November; fruiting: June, July, December.
Uses Firewood, larvae harvest, and construction.
Vernacular names As sanglomas (Mianmin).
Aporosa nitida Merr., Pl. Elmer. Born. (1929) 143; Meijer, Bot. News. Bull. Sandakan 7 (1967) 33; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 39; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 223, fig. 3.5j, 10.2; map 10.6. Type: Elmer 21773 (iso BM, BO, L, P), Sabah, Sandakan.
Shrub or tree, up to 25 m high, up to 30 cm diameter. Bark black, (dark) brown to (patchy) greyish, greenish, yellowish, or whitish, smooth or lenticellate; inner bark (pale) brownish, pale greenish, or (pale) yellowish to greyish white. Wood yellow to white. Twigs brown, young ones green, glabrous. Stipules not seen, early caducous. Petiole terete, adaxially lowly grooved, 1336 by 1.52.5 mm, glabrous, lower pulvinus 36 by 23 mm, upper pulvinus 812 by 2.53.5 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 1532.5 by 513 cm; base obtuse to acute, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands regular, distinct, brownish to black; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thick, young leaves lowly white granular on nerves, shiny, not brittle, drying greyish green or yellowish green above and beneath, glabrous; dots laxly set, fine, greyish, fading; disc-like glands minute, brownish, occasionally scattered along the margin and at base within marginal arches, often indistinct. Nervation: midrib prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 913 pairs, prominent to flat above, sometimes slightly sunken, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 35 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation fading, rather densely reticulate, slightly prominent to flat. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 25 clustered together, 1236 by 38 mm, subglabrous; peduncle 224 by 0.71 mm; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 0.30.5 mm long, ?glandular, glabrous, margin ciliate; glomerules ellipsoid, 23 by c. 1.5 mm, consisting of 913 densely set flowers, sometimes spaced at 0.51.5 mm at base of rachis, densely massed apically; pedicel c. 0.2 mm. Staminate flowers 0.30.7 mm long; sepals 4, narrowly obovate, 0.20.5 mm long, connate at base, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; stamens 2, slightly exserted, 0.30.7 mm long; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 2 or 3 clustered together, 24 by 0.81 mm, subglabrous; flowers single at apical end of rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.30.5 mm long, fleshy, glabrous outside, hairy at base only inside; bracteoles ?as bracts; pedicel 1.55 mm long, sparsely puberulous. Pistillate flowers 33.5 mm long; sepals 5 or 6, subequal, ovate, reflexed, 0.50.8 mm long, fleshy, glabrous, margin ciliate; ovary ellipsoid, 23 mm long, 46(7)-locular, smooth, glabrous; stigmas sessile, broad, flattened on top of the ovary, straight, almost completely divided, 0.51 mm long, smooth to slightly ribbed above, glabrous, connate to the ovary beneath. Infructescences 912 by 1.22 mm, sparsely tomentose, glabrescent; fruiting pedicel 39 mm long, sparsely puberulous. Fruits globose, not stiped, not beaked, 2128 by 2227 mm, but recorded up to 2730 mm diam. when fresh, smooth, drying light yellow to orange brown, glabrous; pericarp 35 mm thick, fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 36, half-terete, ellipsoid, 911 by 58 by 45 mm.
Section Aporosa.
Distribution Malesia: Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology Primary, secondary, riverine, or recently logged over forest; on hill sides, hill tops, ridges, road sides, and along river banks or swamps; in low or undulating country, rolling land, marshy or moist areas, or alluvial. Soil: clay, sandstone, sandy clay loam, loam with lime, silty clay, laterite, or stony, granodiorite derived, yellowish to reddish. Altitude: low to 1000 m. Flowering: March to December; fruiting throughout the year. The fruit is edible but sour.
Vernacular names Kayu besi (Bukit Baka); bilung, susu-diangas (Dusun rongos); janggau, janggau daun besar man (Iban); mata rusu (Malay); ? punu-punu.
Aporosa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Vickery, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 3 (1982) 193; Chakrab. & Gangop., J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 17 (1993) 166; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 259, map 10.25; Schot & Welzen in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 95. Myrica? octandra Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Prod. Fl. Nepal (1825) 56. Type: Buchanan-Hamilton s.n. (holo BM), Central Nepal, Ettaura.
Alnus dioica Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3 (1832) 580. Aporosa dioica (Roxb.) Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15 (1866) 472; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 103; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23 (1969) 3, in obs.; Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 215; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 60; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 35; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 255; 37 (1982) 7; Enum. Philip. Euph. (1983) 8; Mandal & Panigr., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 26 (1984) 43; H.S. Qiu, Guihaia 11 (1991) 16. Type: Roxburgh s.n. (K).
Lepidostachys roxburghii Wall. ex Lindl., Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2 (1836) 441 Aporosa roxburghii (Wall. ex Lindl.) Baill., Ιtude Gιn. Euphorb. (1858) 645; Kurz, For. Fl. Brit. Burma 2 (1877) 362; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 347; Craib, Kew Bull. (1911) 461; Contr. Fl. Siam. (1912) 188. Type: Wallich 6816 (a) (holo K-WALL; iso K, L), Silhet.
Scepa stipulacea Lindl., Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2 (1836) 441. Type: Griffith s.n. (CAM), Burma.
Alnus integrifolia Roxb. [Fl. Ind. 3 (1832) 580, nomen] ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2 (1841) 698. Type: Roxburgh s.n. (K, drawing)
Aporosa lindleyana (Wight) Baill. var. macrostachya Mόll.Arg., Flora 47 (1847) 519; in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 473. Type: Hooker f. s.n. (P), Sikkim.
Aporosa oblonga Wall. ex Mόll.Arg., Linnaea 32 (1863) 78; in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 472; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 348; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 103; Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Gιn. Indo-Chine 5 (1927) 554. Lepidostachys? oblonga Wall., Cat. (1832) 7299, nomen. Type: Wallich 7299 (K-WALL; iso K), Burma, Amherst.
Aporosa villosula Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 42, 2, 4 (1873) 239; For. Fl. Brit. Burma 2 (1877) 362; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 347; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 100; Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Gιn. Indo-Chine 5 (1927) 560. Lectotype (designated by Schot, 2004): Helfer KD 4951 (holo K; iso A, P), s.l., Tenasserim & Andamans.
Aporosa clellandii Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 348; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 104. Type: McClelland s.n. (K), Burma, Rangoon.
Aporosa spec. nov.: Craib, Cont. Fl. Siam (1912) 188. Aporosa wallichii Hook.f. var. ambigua Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 35 (1980) 384. Type: Kerr 958 (holo K; iso L), Thailand, Payap.
?Aporosa obovata Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 100. Type: Meebold 14696 (B), Burma, Mergui.
Aporosa microcalyx (Hassk.) Hassk. var. intermedia Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 102. Syntypes: Balansa 3282, 4684 (P), Vietnam, Tonkin.
Shrub or tree, up to 15 m high, up to 30 cm diameter. Bark (light) brown to grey or tan, smooth or roughened, thickened, flaky, or vertically (narrowly) ridged and cracked, c. 0.5 cm thick; inner bark pink. Wood cream. Young branches sparsely tomentose. Stipules (narrowly) ovate, seldom slightly oblique, 69 by 35 mm, sparsely sericeous at base outside, ciliate, caducous. Petiole terete, lowly ribbed, 723 by 11.5 mm, sparsely puberulous, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 13 by 11.5 mm, upper pulvinus 37 by 1.22.5 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to (narrowly) elliptic, 523.5 by 28 cm; base rounded to cuneate, basal glands small, greyish, fading; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate or glandular-serrate, sometimes slightly recurved, marginal glands regular, distinct, grey to black; apex acuminate to cuspidate; thinnish, smooth, not brittle, dull or slightly shiny, drying grey-brown or green-brown above, greenish or brownish beneath; dots irregularly densely set, fine, grey, fading; disc-like glands regular, small, grey to black, scattered within marginal arches, variably distinct; very sparsely puberulous, glabrescent, beneath midrib and nerves sparsely puberulous, glabrescent. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 811 pairs, slightly prominent above, prominent beneath, marginal arches mostly rather distinct, 1.55 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation often fading, laxly reticulate, slightly prominent to flat. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 15 clustered together, 1646 by 1.52.5 mm, puberulous; peduncle absent; bracts broadly triangular, rather conspicuous, c. 0.5 mm long, sparsely puberulous at base outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; glomerules indistinct, consisting of 68 laxly set flowers, continuously spaced along the rachis; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 0.71 mm long; sepals 4, narrowly obovate, 0.71 mm long, almost free, connate to rachis, sparsely puberulous to glabrous outside, glabrous inside, margin (sparsely) ciliate; stamens 2, slightly exserted, 0.51.2 mm long; anthers 0.20.3 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode indistinct. Pistillate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 311 by 1.22 mm, (red) puberulous, flowers up to 11, densely arranged along the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.60.9 mm long, sparsely puberulous to glabrous outside, glabrous inside, margin (sparsely) ciliate; bracteoles ovate, 0.40.6 mm long, sparsely puberulous to glabrous outside, glabrous inside; pedicel absent. Pistillate flowers 35 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, patent, 0.71 mm long, base fleshy, very sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; staminodes occasionally 2, obconical, 0.20.3 mm long; ovary ellipsoid, stiped, 22.5 mm long, 2- (or 3-)locular, smooth, (sparsely) sericeous; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, recurved, apically bifid to near base, 0.82 mm long, laxly papillate to laciniate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, sparsely sericeous to glabrous, style remnant present. Infructescences 614 by c. 1.5 mm, (red) puberulous; fruiting pedicel 01 mm long. Fruits ovoid to ellipsoid (seldom globose, with pedicel 13 mm long), young ones slightly stiped, slightly beaked, 913 by 610 mm, punctate, drying (dark) brown to black, sparsely hairy; pericarp 0.20.5 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column sparsely sericeous. Seeds 1 (or 2), terete, ellipsoid, 78 by 56 by 34 mm.
Section Appendiculatae.
Distribution From North India and Pakistan southwards to Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, South China, Cambodia, Nicobar Isl., Malesia.
Habitat & Ecology Primary, secondary, subtropical, evergreen, or (mixed) deciduous forest, savannah, or belukar, moist to rather dry; in shaded understorey or (partly) open places; on hills, (steep) slopes, forest edges, road sides, plains, thickets, and along streams. Soil: sandy, sandstone, granitic sand, limestone, clay, rocky, or rocky loam; granite or sandstone bedrock. Altitude: 401500 m. Flowering and fruiting throughout the year.
Uses Wood used for house posts and fuel. Leaves used to dye cloth black. Bark chewed as a kind of betel by Karen Hill tribe (Thailand).
Vernacular names Pakistan: Keechua. China: Tai ip kam (Hainan Isl.); kam shu. Thailand: Grom (Trang Prov.). Peninsular Malaysia: Lalimau (Malay). Sumatra: Kayu pe(a)langas; p(e)(a)langas (Bangka Isl.). Borneo: Sarei, (kayu) rasak (Martapura region). Philippines: Somarog (Bis.).
Note An extremely variable species in leaf size and indumentum, especially in Thailand, were the different forms co-occur, together with almost every thinkable intermediate form. Though so many intermediates occur between the extremes, I will describe the extremes as three varieties (which is, I think, more manageable than lumping all into a confusing mess). Thus, I have, beside the typical form from North India, Burma, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam, described three different geographical varieties: one from South China, one from North China, and the one occurring in the Malesian region. The fact that sharp boundaries cannot be made between any of the varieties, means that the dividing characters have to be used strictly. All intermediates (and there are many!) are thus automatically left simply as A. octandra.
Single variety in Malesia
c. var. malesiana Schot Fig. 3.5a, 3.6b
Aporosa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Vickery var. malesiana Schot, Blumea 40 (1995) 452; Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 263, fig. 3.5a, 3.6b; Schot & Welzen in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 96, fig. 19d, e. Scepa aurita Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat. 3me sιr. 15 (1851) 254. Aporosa aurita (Tul.) Baill., Ιtude Gιn. Euphorb. (1858) 645; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 431; Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 474; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 100; Merr., Enum. Philipp. Flow. Pl. 2 (1923) 409; Corner, Wayside Trees Malaya 1 (1940) 235; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1964) 456; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Sandakan 7 (1967) 34. Type: Cuming 860 (holo P; iso A, BM, K, L), Philippines, Luzon.
Aporosa cumingiana Baill., Ιtude Gιn. Euphorb. (1858) 645, nomen. Specimen: Cuming 1724 (holo P; iso K, L) Philippines, Leyte or Samar.
Tetractinostigma microcalyx Hassk., Hort. Bogor. Descr. (1858) 55; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 362; Fl. Ind. Bat., Suppl. (1860) 185, 471. Aporosa microcalyx (Hassk.) Hassk., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 6 (1859) 714; Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 471; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 346; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 278; J.J. Sm., Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indiλ 10 (1910) 240; Koord., Exkurs.-Fl. Java 2 (1912) 481; Merr., Enum. Born. Pl. (1921) 330; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 101; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 238; S.Moore, J. Bot. Brit. For. 63 Suppl. (1925) 97; Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Gιn. Indo-Chine 5 (1927) 555. Type: Hasskarl s.n., cult. in Hortus Bogoriensis (Bogor Botanical Garden) sub nom. Leiocarpus serratus (L?), Java, Bantam.
Branchlets tomentose. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic; margin (lowly) glandular-serrate; thin, slightly shiny; drying above and beneath greyish to brownish, sparsely puberulous, midrib and nerves puberulous beneath. Pistillate flowers: ovary tomentose.
Distribution Thailand, Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, W Java, Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi.
l = var. octandra; q = var. chinensis; u = var. malesiana; « = var. yunnanensis
Notes 1. Distinct by its smallish, (lowly) serrate leaves, like var. chinensis, but thinner and puberulous.
2. The large variability of A. octandra stops about the Isthmus of Kra, the narrowest part of Peninsular Thailand; southwards the species is quite uniform in the form of A. octandra var. malesiana.
Aporosa papuana Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 83; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 32; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 306, fig. 3.5n, 3.7l, 4.6e; map 10.46. Lectotype (designated by Schot, 2004): Ledermann 6996 (holo K), Papua New Guinea, Sepik Prov., Malu.
(Small) tree or shrub, up to 25 m high, up to 35 cm diameter. Bark black to brown to grey, fissured, scaly, with furrows or craters, or smooth, thin; inner bark brown, pink, or reddish brown, salmon-streaked. Wood yellowish or cream or light brown to white, hard. Young branches densely tomentose. Stipules falcate, 48 by 614 mm, tomentose beneath, mostly persistent. Petiole terete, often adaxially grooved, 527 by 11.8 mm, densely tomentose, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 13 by 1.22 mm, upper pulvinus 26 by 1.22 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate, narrowly elliptic, or narrowly obovate, 731 by 311 cm; base subcordate to obtuse, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands many, distinct, black; apex acuminate to slightly cuspidate; blade mostly thinnish, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying bluish or greyish green above, (light) brown beneath, very sparsely tomentose above, midrib tomentose, glabrescent, sparsely tomentose beneath, midrib and nerves tomentose, glabrescent; dots indistinct, irregular, greyish, fading in older leaves; disc-like glands occasionally few, small, along the margin at the end of nervules. Nervation: midrib prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 1114 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches often fading, 13 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation fading, densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, slightly prominent to flat above, (slightly) prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 14 clustered together, 1446 by 2.54 mm, densely tomentose; peduncle 03 by 1.51.8 mm; bracts broadly triangular, often conspicuous, 11.8 mm long, densely tomentose outside, (sub)glabrous inside; glomerules ellipsoid, consisting of much more than 10 densely set flowers, 23 by 1.52 mm, slightly spaced at base of rachis, rather continuously set apically; pedicel 0.10.5 mm long. Staminate flowers 1.53 mm long; sepals 4, narrowly obovate, 0.51 mm long, connate to almost halfway, (sparsely) tomentose outside, glabrous inside; stamens 2 or 3, strongly exserted, 1.53 mm long; anthers 0.20.3 mm long; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 1 or 2 clustered together, 718 by 0.81.2 mm, densely tomentose; flowers up to 13, rather densely set along the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.81 mm long, (sparsely) tomentose outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles narrowly ovate, 0.50.8 mm long, (sparsely) tomentose outside, glabrous inside; pedicel 0.51.5 mm long, tomentose. Pistillate flowers 35 mm long; sepals (3 or) 4, ovate, patent, 0.51 mm long, thin, tomentose outside, glabrous inside; ovary ovoid, 23.5 mm long, 3- (or 2- or 4-)locular, smooth, densely tomentose; stigmas raised, elongated, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, recurved, apically bifid to near base, 23 mm long, densely laciniate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, sparsely tomentose, style remnant present. Infructescences 1322 by 1.21.8 mm, tomentose; fruiting pedicel 25 mm long, tomentose. Fruits (broadly) ovoid, not stiped, beaked, 1218 by 1219 mm, almost smooth, young ones irregularly ridged, drying (light) brownish, sparsely tomentose; pericarp 11.2 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 2 or 3, half-terete, ovoid, 910 by 56 by 34 mm.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands.
Habitat & Ecology Primary, secondary, or montane rain forest, sometimes monsoon forest; on ridges, ridge tops, slopes, hillsides, or stony plateaus; in lowland or flat plains. Soil: stiff clay or limestone. Altitude: 151500 m. Flowering: June to February; fruiting: throughout the year.
Uses Construction and firewood.
Vernacular names Papua New Guinea: As kiluwanas (Mianmin). Solomons: Aisalin(g)a, aisale (Kwaraae); napanirung (Bor Petats).
Note Specimen Ledermann 9557 cited by Pax & Hoffmann (1922) as cum A. papuana optime convenit, is A. lamellata.
Aporosa parvula Schot, Blumea 40 (1995) 457; Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 307, map 10.47. Type: Milliken 1368 (holo L; iso K), Indonesia, Papua Barat, Baliem Valley.
Shrub or tree, up to 6 m high. Young branches sparsely tomentose. Stipules narrowly ovate, sometimes slightly oblique, 1.82 by 0.50.8 mm, caducous. Petiole terete, adaxially grooved, 25 by 0.81 mm, often entirely pulvinate, sparsely tomentose, glabrescent. Leaves elliptic to obovate, 2.55 by 1.52 cm; base cuneate to slightly attenuate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands few, small, grey; apex acute to acuminate; blade thickish, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying green-grey or bluish grey above, (light) brown beneath, glabrous above, only midrib and nerves very sparsely tomentose beneath, glabrescent; dots rather densely set, fine, black, distinct; disc-like glands seldom present, along the margin. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 57 pairs, flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 12.5 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation fading, laxly reticulate, flat above, slightly prominent to flat beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences single, 58 by 1.52 mm, sparsely tomentose; peduncle 12 by c. 0.5 mm; bracts triangular, inconspicuous, 0.81 mm long, subglabrous outside, glabrous inside, margin sparsely ciliate; glomerules subglobose, indistinct, consisting of 3 or 4 laxly set flowers, c. 1 by 1 mm, sometimes slightly spaced at base of rachis, mostly continuously set along the rachis; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 11.5 mm long; sepals 3 or 4, narrowly elliptic, 0.81.2 mm long, connate to c. halfway, very sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; stamens 2, exserted, 1.21.8 mm long; anthers 0.40.5 mm long, connective very sparsely hairy at apex; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences not seen, induced from young inflorescences to be single, sparsely tomentose; flowers up to ?5, rather laxly arranged at base of rachis, more densely at apex; bracts in young fruit (broadly) triangular, 11.5 mm long, ?glabrescent outside, glabrous inside, margin sparsely ciliate; bracteoles ovate, 0.40.5 mm long, glabrous; pedicel 1.52 mm long, sparsely puberulous. Old pistillate flowers c. 4 mm long; sepals 3 or 4, narrowly ovate, ascending, 0.91.2 mm long, thin, subglabrous outside, glabrous inside, margin sparsely ciliate; ovary ovoid, c. 3 mm long, 2-locular, smooth, sparsely puberulous; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, slightly recurved, apically bifid to near base, 1.21.5 mm long, longitudinally ribbed above, margins lowly papillate, glabrous, smooth beneath, subglabrous, style remnant present. Infructescences 710 by 0.81 mm, sparsely tomentose; fruiting pedicel 11.5 mm long, sparsely puberulous. Young fruits ellipsoid, not stiped, not beaked, c. 8 by 7 mm, punctate, drying (light) brown, sparsely puberulous; pericarp 0.50.8 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 1 or 2, only immature ones seen.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua Barat.
« = A. parvula;
q = A. reticulata;
l = A. sclerophylla
Habitat & Ecology Primary (lower) montane rain forest, on ridges and slopes. Soil: clayey. Altitude: 18052100 m. Flowering: March, May; fruiting: October.
Vernacular names Ikiemoeja (Kapaukoe).
Note Aporosa brevicaudata, A. sclerophylla, and this species can be distinguished by the persistence of the stipules, the different shape of the leaves, the size of the staminate inflorescences, and the shape of the fruit. Aporosa brevicaudata and A. parvula share the leaf shape and caducous stipules, whereas A. parvula and A. sclerophylla agree in small staminate inflorescences with small bracts, and probably in the small ellipsoid fruits. Presently, the combination of these characters is enough to distinguish the three entities on the species level. However, it is possible that future material will bridge these small gaps, and reduce one or more species to variety level.
Aporosa penangensis (Ridl.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23 (1969) 3; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 61; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 344, fig. 3.8n; map 10.65; Schot & Welzen in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 97, fig. 16h; plate II: 3. Aporosa maingayi Hook.f. var. penangensis Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 242. Type: Curtis KD 1466 (holo K), Peninsular Malaysia, Penang, Moniots Road.
Tree, up to 21 m high, up to 30 cm diameter. Bark brown to grey, fawn, or pink-grey, vertically cracked, scaly, flaking, fissured, or smooth; inner bark (orange- or yellow-)brown, or pale pink, thin. Wood brown to yellow to orange, hard. Young branches (sparsely) hirsute. Stipules narrowly ovate, slightly oblique, 511 by 1.54 mm, caducous. Petiole half-terete, ridged, 613 by 0.81.5 mm, (sparsely) hirsute, lower pulvinus 12 by 11.5 mm, upper pulvinus 24 by 1.22 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 720 by 27 cm; base obtuse to slightly attenuate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands regular, indistinct, greyish; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thinnish, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying brownish green to brownish grey above, light brownish beneath, only midrib at base sparsely hirsute above, nervation sparsely hirsute beneath; dots irregularly set, greyish, fading; disc-like glands absent. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 79 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 12 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation fading, rather laxly reticulate, flat above, slightly prominent to flat beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 14 clustered together, 918 by 1.53 mm, tomentose; peduncle 0.51.5 by 0.81.2 mm; bracts broadly triangular, 0.81 mm long, inconspicuous, very sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; glomerules subglobose, lax, consisting of less than 10 flowers, 1.52.2 by 1.21.8 mm, spaced at 12 mm at base of rachis, decreasing to 0 mm at apex; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 0.51 mm long; sepals 4, narrowly obovate, ridged, 11.5 mm long, connate at base, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; stamens 3, slightly exserted, 0.60.8 mm long; anthers 0.20.3 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode a minute lump. Pistillate inflorescences 14 clustered together, 511 by 0.81.5 mm, tomentose; flowers up to 9, rather densely arranged along the rachis; bracts triangular, 0.81.2 mm long, sparsely sericeous outside, hairy at base only inside, margin ciliate; bracteoles triangular, 0.50.8 mm long, sparsely sericeous outside, hairy at base only inside, margin ciliate; pedicel minute, tomentose. Pistillate flowers 2.53 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, subequal, patent, 11.5 mm long, sericeous outside, glabrous inside, papillate; ovary ellipsoid, 1.82.2 mm long, 2-locular, smooth, (sparsely) sericeous; stigmas sessile, broad, apically bifid to near base, flattened on top of the ovary, straight, 11.2 mm long, ribbed and laxly laciniate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, very sparsely sericeous, style remnant present. Infructescences 711 by 1.21.5 mm, tomentose; fruiting pedicel 0.21 mm long, tomentose. Fruits ellipsoid, young ones slightly stiped, not beaked, 1015 by 610 mm, punctulate to smooth, sparsely puberulous; pericarp 0.51 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 1, subterete, ovoid, 710 by 56 by 34 mm.
Section Sundanenses.
Distribution Malesia: Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia.
Habitat & Ecology Primary, logged, and evergreen forest, or seraya; in lowland, on hill sides, gentle slopes, ridges, flat land, near rivers, along roads. Soil: sandstone, granite, or granitic bedrock. Altitude: 50780 m. Flowering: March to June; fruiting: April to August.
Notes 1. This
species resembles A. subcaudata, but differs in the less persistent
stipules, the tomentose indumentum of only the lower leaf surface, less nerves,
and short-
ly pedicelled fruits. It differs from A. nervosa in the (sub)sessile and
always 2-locular pistillate flowers and fruits.
2. Many of the Peninsular Malaysian specimens of this species have been distributed as A. acuminatissima Merr..
Aporosa praegrandifloia (S.Moore) Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 309, map 10.48. Antidesma praegrandifolium S.Moore in H.O. Forbes, J. Bot. 61, Suppl. (1923) 46. Type: H.O. Forbes 250 (holo BM; iso K, L, MEL), Papua New Guinea, Sogeri Region.
Aporosa petiolaris Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 25 (1971) 474; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 32. Type: NGF (Henty) 14384 (holo K; iso L), Papua New Guinea, Sogeri.
(Small) tree or shrub, up to 18 m high, up to 15 cm diameter. Bark greyish, greenish, or reddish brown, brown, blackish, or grey and brown blotched, slightly vertically scaly to smooth; inner bark greenish brown, red(dish) brown, brown, pink, or whitish. Wood pale yellow, straw, or white. Young branches (sub)glabrous. Stipules falcate, 610 by 918 mm, sparsely puberulous beneath, often persistent. Petiole terete, shortly grooved to smooth, 1842 by 1.52.5 mm, (sub)glabrous, lower pulvinus 23 by 2.53 mm, upper pulvinus 69 by 34 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate, narrowly elliptic, or narrowly obovate, 1734 by 713 cm; base rounded to cuneate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly crenate, marginal glands regular, distinct, black; apex acuminate; blade thickish, smooth, often shiny, not brittle, drying greyish, reddish, or brownish green above, (dark) brown beneath, glabrous, midrib sometimes very sparsely puberulous beneath; dots irregularly, laxly set, fine, blackish; disc-like glands occasionally present, along the margin, black. Nervation: midrib flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 1417 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches often fading, 24 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, slightly prominent to flat above, slightly prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 1 or 2 clustered together, 2441 by 33.5 mm, (densely) tomentose; peduncle 03 by 11.5 mm; bracts broadly triangular, 1.21.5 mm long, conspicuous, tomentose outside, sparsely tomentose at base only inside; glomerules ellipsoid, 34 by 23 mm, consisting of much more than 10 densely set flowers, slightly spaced at base of rachis, continuous apically; pedicel 0.10.3 mm long. Staminate flowers 1.53 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, narrowly obovate, 0.50.9 mm long, connate to c. halfway, sparsely sericeous outside, glabrous inside; stamens 28, exserted, 1.52.5 mm long; anthers 0.20.3 mm long, connective sparsely hairy; pistillode cylindric, small, hairy. Pistillate inflorescences clustered 13 together, 28 by 1.21.5 mm, (densely) tomentose; flowers up to 9, rather densely set along rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 1.52.2 mm long, tomentose outside, very sparsely puberulous inside; bracteoles not seen; pedicel absent. Pistillate flowers 23.5 mm long; sepals 5, ovate, ascending, 0.81.2 mm long, thin, puberulous outside, sparsely puberulous inside; ovary ovoid, 1.53 mm long, 3- (or 4-)locular, slightly lobed, tomentose; stigmas sessile, elongated, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, straight, apically bifid to near base, 0.81 mm long, laxly laciniate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, sparsely tomentose, style remnant absent. Infructescences 1238 by 23 mm, tomentose; fruiting pedicel 917 mm long, tomentose. Fruits subglobose, not stiped, not beaked, 1215 by 1316 mm, punctulate, drying (dark) brown, sparsely tomentose; pericarp 0.51.5 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 3 (or 4), half-terete, ellipsoid, 911 by 79 by 35 mm.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua New Guinea: East Papua.
q = A.
praegrandifolia; l =
A. spec A; « =
A. spec. B; u =
A. spec. D.
Habitat & Ecology Rain, cloud, or mountain forest, or in forest-grassland transition; in low, sloping, or flat country; on ridges and slopes. Altitude: 45900 m. Flowering: November to January; fruiting: March to August, October, December.
Aporosa prainiana King ex Gage, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 9 (1922, before March) 228; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 240; S.Moore, J. Bot. Brit. & For. 63 Suppl. (1925) 97; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Sandakan 7 (1967) 34; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 25 (1971) 476; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 60; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 40; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 257; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 226, fig. 3.5k, 3.6s, 4.4; map 10.7. Type: Curtis 1476 (holo SING), Peninsular Malaysia, Penang.
Aporosa prainiana Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922, second half) 92. Type: Ridley s.n. (holo BM; iso BO), Singapore, Botanic Gardens Jungle.
Shrub or tree, up to 18 m high, up to 20 cm diameter. Bark brownish, greyish, grey-green, grey-white, or whitish mottled, smooth to finely fissured or rugose, (slightly) flaky, c. 0.5 mm thick; inner bark dull cream, whitish, (pale) yellow, greenish, or brownish, granular, c. 1 mm thick. Wood white, whitish, yellow, (dark) ochre, pale orange, or pale brown. (Young) twigs dark green or brownish, glabrous. Stipules not seen, early caducous. Petiole terete, adaxially lowly grooved, 515 by 0.81.5 mm, glabrous, lower pulvinus 13 by 12 mm, often indistinct, upper pulvinus 2.57 by 13 mm, distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 7.517 by 2.56.5 cm; base obtuse to attenuate, basal glands variably present, small, flat, black; margin lowly undulate to lowly crenate, marginal glands regular, black; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thickish, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying light or dark greenish grey above and beneath, sometimes brownish yellow, completely glabrous; dots densely set, fine, greyish black, fading in older leaves; disc-like glands few, small, along the margin, sometimes present. Nervation: midrib (slightly) prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 69 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches fading, 0.53 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation fading, densely reticulate, slightly prominent to flat. Inflorescences axillary to just beneath the leaves. Staminate inflorescences clustered 16 together, 956 by 11.8 mm, glabrous; peduncle 0.52 by 0.20.4 mm; bracts inconspicuous, broadly triangular, 0.50.8 mm long, glabrous, margin ciliate; glomerules subglobose, dense, 0.81.2 by 11.5 mm, consisting of less than 10 flowers, spaced at 12.5 mm along the rachis; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 0.81.5 mm long; sepals 4 (or 5), narrowly obovate, 11.5 mm long, connate at base only, glabrous, margin sparsely ciliate; stamens 2 (or 3), slightly or not exserted, 0.40.9 mm long; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences clustered 13 together, 622 by 0.50.8 mm, sparsely tomentose at base, glabrescent; flowers up to 5, laxly arranged along the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.50.8 mm long, glabrous, margin sparsely ciliate; bracteoles ovate, 0.30.5 mm long, glabrous, margin ciliate; pedicel 1.53 mm long, sparsely tomentose. Pistillate flowers 23.5 mm long; sepals 4, patent, ovate, 0.81.2 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; ovary ovoid, 1.52.5 mm long, (2- or) 3-locular, slightly (2- or) 3-lobed, glabrous; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, apically bifid to near base, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, slightly recurved, 0.40.8 mm long, papillate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, glabrous, style remnant present. Infructescences 937 by 0.81.8 mm, glabrous; fruiting pedicel 417 mm long, very sparsely tomentose, glabrescent. Fruits fleshy, ovoid, not stiped, not beaked, 1215 by 1013 mm, corrugate to punctate (see note), slightly ridged at sutures, glabrous; pericarp 0.51 mm thick, slightly fleshy; apex of endocarp caudate; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 2 or 3, half-terete, ellipsoid, 910 by 67 by 34 mm.
Section Aporosa.
Distribution Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology Primary, (old) secondary, disturbed, logged over dipterocarp forest or kerangas; on hill sides, ridges, and along river banks; flat land, low undulating land, dry land, or riverine land. Soil: tuff, sandstone, loamy, shale granite, or granitic sand, brown or yellow-red. Altitude: sea level to 1350 m. Flowering: February to April, July to October; fruiting: May to January. Fruit sour.
Vernacular names Sumatra: Bangka: Kayu malam. Borneo: Janggau (Iban); onyak loki (Kalimantan Barat, Bukit Raya).
Note Aporosa prainiana and A. symplocoides are difficult to distinguish. In literature two characters are mostly used. However, the first, fruits single or fruits many, is based on a misinterpretation of Gages flowers single (he meant, single in the axis of the bracts!) and on Pax & Hoffmanns fruits single, but the type specimen in BM shows distinct scars were other fruits and/or unfertilised pistillate flowers have fallen off. The other character frequently used for separating the species is 2- or 3-locular ovaries (following the example set by Pax & K.Hoffm., 1922). But A. symplocoides is both 2- and 3-locular (even according to Pax & K. Hoffmanns description!), which makes distinction with this character impossible. The real difference is the lobed pistillate flower and the larger fruit of A. prainiana. This fruit is irregularly corrugate-punctate in the dried state, but probably larger, smooth, and juicy when fresh, whereas the fruit of A. symplocoides is thin walled and not fleshy. In addition, A. prainiana has often thicker leaves with densely set, distinct dots; A. symplocoides has thin leaves with irregularly set dots, which are mostly indistinct.
Aporosa pseudoficifolia Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 94; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 237; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 217; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 59; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 265, map 10.27. Type: Kings Collector 3210 (BM; K) Peninsular Malaysia, Perak, Larut.
Aporosa ficifolia auct. non Baill.: Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 346 (pro Wallich 8017); ?Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 278; Chakrab. & Gangop., J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 17 (1993) 1 (Meebold s.n.).
Shrub, up to 3.5 m high. Young branches tomentose. Stipules not seen, caducous. Petiole terete, smooth, 1421 by 1.82.3, hirsute, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 1.52 by 22.5 mm, upper pulvinus 35 by 33.5 mm, both indistinct under indumentum. Leaves elliptic, 1521 by 5.59 cm; base rounded, basal glands absent; margin glandular-serrate, slightly recurved, marginal glands many, distinct, hairy; apex acuminate; blade thick, smooth, slightly bullate, dull, not brittle, drying brownish green above and beneath, only midrib tomentose above, glabrescent, sparsely tomentose beneath, nervation tomentose, glabrescent; dots irregularly set, fine, grey, fading; disc-like glands brownish, hairy, scattered within marginal arches. Nervation: midrib prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 912 pairs, prominent to flat above, sunken near the margin, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 12.5 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, densely reticulate, slightly prominent to flat above, sometimes slightly sunken, prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences and staminate flowers not seen. Pistillate inflorescences single, 13 by 1.52 mm, sericeous, flowers up to 5, densely set along the rachis; bracts and bracteoles not seen; pedicel absent. Pistillate flowers 3.54.5 mm long; sepals 4 (or 5), ovate, patent, 1.52 mm long, thin, (sparsely) sericeous outside, glabrous inside; occasionally 1 or 2 staminodes present, obconical, 0.30.8 mm long; ovary ellipsoid, 3-locular, smooth, sericeous; stigmas sessile, elongated, perpendicular to slightly ascending from the sides of the ovary, straight, apically bifid to c. halfway, sometimes lowly tetrafid, 11.2 mm long, papillate to laciniate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, sparsely sericeous, style remnant absent. Young infructescences c. 3 by 2 mm, sericeous; fruiting pedicel absent. Young fruits globose, not stiped, not beaked, 810 by 810 mm, punctulate, drying dark brown, sparsely hairy; pericarp 0.51 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column very sparsely hairy at base and apex, glabrescent. Seeds 2, half-terete, ellipsoid, no mature ones seen.
Section Appendiculatae.
Distribution Burma (Tenasserim); Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia.
Habitat & Ecology Hill forest. Altitude: 6601000 m. Flowering: February; fruiting: August, October.
Notes 1. Aporosa pseudoficifolia differs from A. globifera only in size and texture of the leaves and may represent specimens from greater altitude of A. globifera.
2. The specimens cited by Hooker (1887) as A. ficifolia (Wallich 8017, Maingay KD 1498, Kings Collector 3210) are all 3-locular and belong to A. pseudoficifolia. Probably only his description of the globose, 2-locular fruit may pertain to A. ficifolia.
3. Specimen Wray 3686, mentioned by Pax & K. Hoffmann (1922) is A. globifera.
Aporosa quadrilocularis (Miq.) Mόll.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 476; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 278; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 92; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 32 (1978) 363; 36 (1981) 257; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 228, map 10.8. Leiocarpus quadrilocularis Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., Suppl. (1860) 178, 443. Type: Diepenhorst HB 1368 (holo U), W Sumatra, Priaman.
Aporosa claviflora Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 32 (1978) 364. Type: Sidek bin Kiah 263 (holo K; iso L), Peninsular Malaysia, Kedah.
Shrub or tree, up to 20 m high, up to 10 cm diameter. Bark greyish brown; inner bark greenish white. Wood pale yellowish. Twigs grey-brown or green, glabrous. Stipules not seen, early caducous. Petiole terete, adaxially grooved, 924 by 11.5 mm, glabrous, lower pulvinus 1.53.5 by 1.52 mm, upper pulvinus 38 by 1.52 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to (narrowly) elliptic, 920 by 3.57 cm; base cuneate to slightly attenuate, basal glands absent; margin very lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands few, small, black, distinct; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thinnish, young leaves lowly white granular, dull or slightly shiny, not brittle, drying dark to light greyish green above and beneath, sometimes yellowish brown, completely glabrous; dots laxly set, fine, greyish, indistinct; disc-like glands seldom few, small, greyish, along the margin. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 710 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches often distinct, 1.53 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, sometimes fading, rather densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, slightly prominent to flat. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 24 clustered together, 728 by 36 mm, sparsely tomentose, glabrescent; peduncle 27 by 0.81.5 mm; bracts not seen; glomerules ellipsoid, 23 by 11.2 mm, consisting of 913 densely set flowers, spaced at 0.51.5 mm at base of rachis, densely massed apically; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 0.40.6 mm long; sepals 4 (or 5), narrowly obovate, 0.20.4 mm long, connate at base only, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; stamens 2, slightly exserted, 0.30.6 mm long; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 24 by 0.81 mm, sparsely tomentose, glabrescent; flowers single at apical end of rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.30.5 mm, sparsely hirsute outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; bracteoles ovate, 0.30.5 mm long, sparsely hirsute outside, glabrous inside; pedicel 1.52 mm long, sparsely puberulous. Pistillate flowers 22.5 mm long; sepals 5 or 6, ovate, reflexed, 0.30.5 mm long, fleshy, sparsely hirsute outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; ovary cylindric to subglobose, 1.52.5 mm long, (3- or) 4- (or 5-)locular, smooth, glabrous; stigmas sessile, broad, flattened on top of the ovary, straight, apically bifid to near base, 0.51.5 mm long, ribbed towards the base above, glabrous, connate to the ovary beneath. Infructescences 813 by 11.5 mm, sparsely tomentose, glabrescent; fruiting pedicel 37 mm long, sparsely tomentose. Fruits globose, not stiped, not beaked, 1521 by 1622 mm, but recorded to be 2530 mm diam. when fresh, smooth, drying yellowish or orangish, glabrous; pericarp 34 mm thick, fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 4 (or 5), half-terete, ellipsoid, 811 by 59 by 34 mm.
Section Aporosa.
Distribution Malesia: Sumatra; twice found in Peninsular Malaysia, Kedah.
Habitat & Ecology Logged over, degraded, or montane forest; on hills, along forest edges, river sides, or roads; in flat, rolling, or dry to alluvial land. Soil: yellow-red loamy or sandy clay with stones. Altitude: 401000 m. Flowering: March to April, July to September; fruiting: February, May to September.
Aporosa reticulata Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 100; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 33; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 310, map 10.47. Neotype (Schot, 2004): Hartley 12005 (holo A; iso K, L), Papua New Guinea, Eastern Highlands Prov.
Tree, up to 20 m high, up to 25 cm diameter. Bark brown or grey-brown, smooth, flaking in thin flat plates; inner bark red or pale salmon. Young branches (sparsely) tomentose. Stipules not seen, early caducous. Petiole terete, adaxially grooved, 916 by 11.2 mm, sparsely tomentose, lower pulvinus 12 by 1.21.5 mm, indistinct, upper pulvinus 24 by 1.51.8 mm, rather distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 815 by 2.55 cm; base obtuse to cuneate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, slightly revolute, marginal glands many, small, greyish black; apex acuminate; blade thinnish, smooth, rather shiny, not brittle, drying greenish grey to greenish brown above, brown beneath, sparsely tomentose above, glabrescent, sparsely tomentose beneath, midrib and nerves tomentose, glabrescent; dots densely set, fine, grey, fading; disc-like glands absent. Nervation: midrib flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 710 pairs, flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches often fading, 13 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation densely reticulate to slightly scalariform, flat above, fading, slightly prominent beneath, distinct. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 25 clustered together, young ones 1215 by 11.5 mm, tomentose; peduncle 14 by c. 1 mm; bracts broadly triangular, conspicuous, c. 1 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; immature glomerules subglobose, c. 1.5 by 1 mm, consisting of ?79 laxly set flowers, spaced at 0.52 mm at base of rachis, decreasing to 0 mm at apex; pedicel absent. Young staminate flowers 0.50.7 mm long; sepals 4, narrowly elliptic, c. 0.8 mm long, connate to c. halfway, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; stamens 3 or 4, immature not exserted, c. 0.5 mm long; anthers 0.20.3 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode cylindric, 3-lobed, c. 0.4 mm long, sparsely hairy. Pistillate inflorescences 1 or 2 clustered together, only old ones seen, densely tomentose; flowers up to 9, rather laxly arranged at base of rachis, densely apically; bracts broadly triangular, 0.91.1 mm long, tomentose to villose outside, sparsely tomentose at base inside; bracteoles ovate, 0.70.9 mm long, villose outside, sparsely tomentose at base inside; pedicel 0.51 mm long, densely tomentose. Pistillate flowers 2.53.5 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, patent, 0.81.2 mm long, tomentose outside, subglabrous inside; ovary ovoid, 1.52.5 mm long, 2- (or 3-)locular, smooth, densely tomentose; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, apically bifid to near base, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, curving downwards, 2.53.5 mm long, papillate to laciniate above, glabrous, ribbed and papillate beneath, sparsely tomentose, style remnant absent. Infructescences only young ones seen, 833 by 11.5 mm, (densely) tomentose; fruiting pedicel 12 mm long, tomentose. Young fruits ovoid, not stiped, slightly beaked, 911 by 79 mm, punctate, patchy densely tomentose, glabrescent; pericarp c. 1 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 1 or 2, only immature ones seen.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua New Guinea: North.
« = A. parvula;
q = A. reticulata;
l = A. sclerophylla
Habitat & Ecology Mid montane forest, disturbed bush, on slopes. Altitude: 13001650 m. Flowering: April, July; fruiting: July, November.
Note I refer to this species a single specimen, Hartley 12005, from the Eastern Highlands, alt. 1650 m, because it matches best with Pax & Hoffmanns (1922) description. It resembles A. annulata and A. carrii very closely, but contrary to these two it combines a high altitude with reddish brown tomentose branches and leaves. The ovary, contrary to Pax and Hoffmanns description, is mostly 3-locular, but some 2-locular ones also occur. Two other specimens are tentatively added to A. reticulata: a young staminate one (Hartley 11548), from which the description of the flowers has been drawn, and one with small fruits (Hartley 12321). They differ in the fainter nervation and the much lesser indumentum of the leaves, and, in the latter case, of the fruits.
Aporosa rhacostyla Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 29 (1974) 282; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 40; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 345, fig. 3.6p; map 10.66. Type: S (Paie) 28797 (holo L; iso K), Sarawak, Kapit.
Tree, up to 10 m high, up to 10 cm diameter. Bark dark or greyish brown with greenish brown patches, smooth, with twisted square fissures; inner bark creamy orange. Wood creamy orange. Young branches tomentose. Stipules narrowly ovate, sometimes slightly oblique, 69 by 23 mm, glabrous above, (sparsely) sericeous beneath, present in young stages. Petiole terete, about smooth, 511 by 11.5 mm, tomentose, lower pulvinus c. 1.5 by 1.5 mm, upper pulvinus 12 by c. 1.5 mm, both indistinct under indumentum. Leaves narrowly elliptic, 5.513 by 24.5 cm; base obtuse to acute, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to subentire, marginal glands few, small, indistinct; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thinnish, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying dark green or brown above, blackening, (dark) brown beneath, sparsely tomentose above, midrib tomentose, sparsely tomentose beneath, midrib and nerves densely tomentose; dots indistinct; disc-like glands absent. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 69 pairs, flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 11.5 mm from margin; tertiary veins and venation fading, rather laxly reticulate, slightly scalariform, flat above, (slightly) prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 25 clustered together, 712 by 0.30.5 mm sparsely puberulous; peduncle 1.52 mm long, c. 0.4 mm diam.; bracts triangular, inconspicuous, 0.50.8 mm long, sparsely sericeous outside, glabrous inside; glomerules subglobose, 0.50.7 by 0.30.5 mm, consisting of 58 densely set flowers, spaced at 0.30.5 mm along the rachis; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers (young) 0.20.4 mm long; young sepals 4, narrowly obovate, connate at base, 0.30.5 mm long, sparsely sericeous outside, glabrous inside; young stamens 2, not exserted, 0.20.4 mm long; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode not seen. Pistillate inflorescences 25 clustered together, 1023 by 0.50.8 mm, puberulous; flowers up to 15, rather laxly arranged along the rachis; bracts triangular, 0.30.4 mm long, sparsely sericeous outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles triangular, c. 0.1 mm long, sericeous outside, glabrous inside; pedicel minute, up to 0.2 mm long, sericeous. Pistillate flowers 1.52 mm long; sepals 4, narrowly ovate, patent, 0.60.8 mm long, thin, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; ovary ellipsoid, 11.5 mm long, 2-locular, (sparsely) puberulous; stigmas sessile, elongated, at first ascending from the top of the ovary to an apical bunch and then bending downwards to the sides of the ovary, straight, apically bifid to near base, 11.5 mm long, ribbed and papillate above, margins laciniate, glabrous, smooth beneath, sparsely hairy, style remnant absent. Infructescences 1233 by 11.5 mm, tomentose; fruiting pedicel c. 0.5 mm, puberulous. Fruits ellipsoid, not stiped, not beaked, 1012 by 79 mm, punctate, drying (dark) reddish brown, sparsely puberulous; pericarp 0.81.2 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 1, (half-)terete, ovoid, 78 by 66.5 by 23 mm.
Section Sundanenses.
Distribution Malesia: Borneo (Central Sarawak).
Habitat & Ecology Primary or old secondary forest; on hill sides. Soil: clay, rich. Altitude: 200575 m. Flowering: April, October; fruiting: October.
Note Aporosa rhacostyla is only really distinct from A. elmeri in the curious bunching of the stigmas. The other differentiating characters, length of the leaves and inflorescences, overlap. I have no idea why most (not all!) flowers of the type specimen have such curious bunched stigmas, but it might be artificial, and then A. rhacostyla should be merged into A. elmeri.
Aporosa sarawakensis Schot, Blumea 40 (1995) 458; Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 229, fig. 3.6u, 3.8o, 4.5a, 10.3; map 10.9. Type: S (Paie) 22905 (holo L; iso BO, K), Sarawak, 3rd Division, Marudi.
Shrub or tree, up to 12 m high, up to 20 cm diameter. Bark whitish, grey, (light) brownish, green(ish), yellowish, or pink mottled, smooth, slightly dippled, thin; inner bark cream or yellowish, thin, brittle. Wood white, yellow, or orange-cream. Twigs (dark) green, glabrous. Stipules not seen, early caducous. Petiole terete, sometimes adaxially lowly grooved, 417 by 0.81.8 mm, glabrous, lower pulvinus 1.53 by 12 mm, upper pulvinus 36 by 1.53 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, 9.520 by 2.58 cm; base obtuse to slightly attenuate, basal glands indistinct, black; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands regular, small, blackish; apex cuspidate to caudate; blade thin, young leaves lowly granular, dull, not brittle, drying greyish green above and beneath, sometimes yellowish green, nervation lighter beneath, completely glabrous; dots laxly set, fine, grey, indistinct; disc-like glands occasionally few, small, along the margin. Nervation: midrib (slightly) prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 912 pairs, slightly prominent to slightly sunken above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 13 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, fading, densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, slightly prominent to flat. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences clustered 38 together, 1441 by 0.81.2 mm, very sparsely puberulous, glabrescent; peduncle 36 by 0.20.4 mm; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 0.30.7 mm long, subglabrous outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; glomerules subglobose, 0.81.2 by 0.51 mm, consisting of 510 rather laxly set flowers, spaced at 26 mm at base of rachis, decreasing to 0 mm apically; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 0.51 mm long; sepals 4 (or 5), narrowly obovate, 0.60.9 mm long, connate at base only, glabrous, apex ciliate; stamens 2, slightly exserted, 0.61 mm long; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode minute, lumpy, resembling an undeveloped stamen. Pistillate inflorescences 15 (11) clustered together, 413 by 0.30.5 mm, very sparsely puberulous, glabrescent, flowers 1 (seldom 2), at apical end of the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.50.8 mm long, subglabrous outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; bracteoles not seen; pedicel 12.5 mm long, subglabrous. Pistillate flowers 35 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, slightly reflexed, 0.61.5 mm long, fleshy, glabrous, margin sparsely ciliate; staminodes occasionally 13 present; ovary subcylindric, 24 mm long, 3-locular, smooth, glabrous; stigmas sessile, broad, apically lowly bifid, flattened on top and to the sides of the ovary, straight, 12 mm long, ribbed above, laciniate, glabrous, connate to ovary beneath, smooth, glabrous. Infructescences 412 by 0.81.2 mm, glabrous; fruiting pedicel 15 mm long, glabrous. Fruits hard, sometimes slightly fleshy, ovoid to ellipsoid, not stiped, not beaked, 1321 by 812 mm, smooth, ridged at sutures when young, drying light orangish to yellow, glabrous; pericarp 0.81.5 mm thick, ?fleshy; apex of endocarp caudate; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 13, (half-)terete, ellipsoid to subglobose, 89.5 by 67.5 by 3.55 mm.
Section Aporosa.
Distribution Malesia: Borneo (mainly Sarawak).
Habitat & Ecology Primary, secondary, logged over, and disturbed rain forest or belukar; flat land, undulating land, open places, alluvial; on hillsides, ridges, near streams and at forest edges. Soil: igneous, limestone, or granodiorite derived; clayey, sandy, loamy or basalt; stony, with rocks; yellow to dark brown or red. Altitude: low to 900 m. Flowering: March, July to November; fruiting throughout the year.
Vernacular names Simpit minyak, hansi burung (Bukit Baka); morok, tamahas (Dayak); buah sabong, enkunik, janggit, janggau, kayu malam (Iban); dawi, salibut (Kayan); tekam garam (Malay).
Notes 1. This species includes the specimens from Borneo that were often identified as A. prainiana because they only have one fruit (see also note under A. prainiana ).
2. One deviating specimen was seen, Nooteboom 1112, which is staminate, but in which part of the inflorescences bear a single pistillate flower at the apex. In other features, the specimen is normal.
Aporosa sclerophylla Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 98; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 33; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 311, map 10.47. Lectotype (designated by Schot, 2004): Ledermann 10255 (K, L), Papua New Guinea, Sepik Prov., Lordberg.
Small tree. Bark light brown; inner bark deep red. Young branches sparsely tomentose. Stipules falcate, 1.22 by 24 mm, sparsely tomentose, present in young stages. Petiole (half-)terete, adaxially grooved, 24 by 0.81.2 mm, (sparsely) tomentose, often entirely pulvinate. Leaves ovate to (narrowly) elliptic, 2.56 by 12.5 cm; base rounded to cuneate, basal glands absent; margin subentire to very lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands few, small, black, indistinct; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thickish, smooth, dull, rather brittle, drying greyish green above, blackening, brown beneath, only midrib very sparsely tomentose above, midrib and nerves sparsely tomentose beneath; dots densely set, fine, black, mostly distinct; disc-like glands regularly present, black, distinct, along margin. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 69 pairs, flat above, (slightly) prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 12 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, densely reticulate, flat above, slightly prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences single, young ones 24 by c. 1.5 mm, (sparsely) tomentose; peduncle 0.50.8 by c. 0.5 mm; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 0.81 mm long, very sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; glomerules subglobose, indistinct, consisting of 35 laxly set flowers, mostly continuously set along the rachis, seldom slightly interrupted at base; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 11.5 mm long; sepals 4, narrowly obovate, 0.81.1 mm long, connate to more than halfway, subglabrous outside, glabrous inside, margin sparsely ciliate; stamens 2, young ones slightly exserted, 11.2 mm long; anthers 0.40.5 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences single or 2 clustered together, 612 by 0.30.5 mm, sparsely puberulous; flowers up to 8, rather laxly set at base of rachis, more densely so apically; bracts broadly triangular, 0.40.8 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles ovate, 0.30.5 mm long, puberulous outside, glabrous inside; pedicel 11.5 mm long, puberulous. Pistillate flowers 1.52 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, patent, 0.30.8 mm long, thin, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; ovary ovoid, 0.81.5 mm long, 2-locular, smooth, sparsely puberulous; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, slightly recurved, apically bifid to c. halfway, 0.51 mm long, longitudinally ribbed above, margins laxly papillate, glabrous, smooth beneath, glabrous, style remnant present. Infructescences, fruits and seeds not seen; septae and column in flower glabrous.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua New Guinea.
« = A. parvula;
q = A. reticulata;
l = A. sclerophylla
Habitat & Ecology Sub-alpine grassland. Altitude: ?10002692 m. Flowering: December (Ledermann 9897 and 10255 according to literature collected in December at 1000 m altitude).
Note Known only from two young pistillate flowering collections. I have also tentatively placed the young staminate specimen Vinas 125 here see note under A. parvula.
Aporosa selangorica Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 105; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 25 (1971) 480; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 59; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 347, fig. 3.9c, d; map 10.67. Type: Ridley 13385 (iso K, SING), Peninsular Malaysia, Selangor.
Shrub or tree, up to 9 m high, up to 10 cm diameter. Bark (light) brown, smooth. Young branches (sparsely) tomentose. Stipules (narrowly) ovate, often slightly oblique, 614 by 36 mm, glabrous above, sparsely sericeous beneath, rather persistent. Petiole terete, adaxially lowly grooved, 612 by 0.81.2 mm, sparsely hirsute, lower pulvinus 1.52 by 11.5 mm, upper pulvinus 1.54 by 1.52 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, 1025.5 by 3.58.5 cm; base truncate to emarginate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands regular, brownish, distinct; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thin, smooth, not brittle, slightly shiny, drying (dark) greenish to greenish grey above, (dark) brownish to greyish beneath, only midrib and nerves at base sparsely tomentose above, sparsely tomentose beneath, midrib and nerves tomentose, glabrescent; dots laxly set, fine, greyish, indistinct; disc-like glands absent. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 1216 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 1.54 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct or fading, rather densely reticulate, flat above, slightly prominent to flat beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 15 clustered together, 612 by 1.21.8 mm, tomentose; peduncle 01 by 0.51 mm; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 0.50.7 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; glomerules subglobose, indistinct, consisting of 57 rather laxly set flowers, continuously spaced along the rachis, seldom slightly interrupted at base; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 0.61 mm long; sepals 4, obovate, 0.50.8 mm long, connate at base, glabrous, margin ciliate; stamens 2, slightly exserted, 0.61 mm long; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode minute, lumpy. Pistillate inflorescences 1 or 2 clustered together, 710 by 0.81.2 mm, tomentose, flowers up to 9, mostly densely set at apical end of the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.81 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles ovate, 0.60.8 mm long, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; pedicel absent. Pistillate flowers 3.55 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, patent, 11.5 mm long, thin, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; ovary globose, 2.54 mm long, 2- or 3-locular, ruminate-verrucate, puberulous; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, flat to the top of the ovary, recurved, apically bifid to near base, 22.5 mm long, ribbed and papillate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, sparsely puberulous, style remnant absent. Infructescences 311 by 1.52 mm, sericeous; fruiting pedicel 0.51 mm long. Fruits globose or ovoid, not stiped, not beaked, 1316 by 1316 mm, ruminate-verrucate, drying light to reddish brown, sparsely puberulous; pericarp 0.51.5 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 13, half-terete, ovoid, 910.5 by 68 by 35 mm.
Section Sundanenses.
Distribution Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia.
l = A. selangorica;
« = A. spec. F
Habitat & Ecology Primary dipterocarp forest; in shaded valleys, on hills, or near streams. Altitude: 150600 m. Flowering: March, August; fruiting: April to September.
Uses Seed aril recorded edible.
Vernacular names Meruai, tamun mas (Temuan).
Aporosa serrata Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 70 (1923) 234; in Lecomte, Fl. Gιn. Indo-Chine 5 (1927) 557; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 267, fig. 3.6a, 3.7f, 3.8l; map 10.28; Schot & Welzen in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 98, fig. 20. Lectotype (designated by Schot, 2004): Harmand 383 (= Herb. Pierre 2966) (P), Cambodia, Kompong Xoai.
(Small) tree or shrub, evergreen, up to 8 m high, 56 cm diameter. Young branches tomentose. Stipules ovate, 57 by 34 mm, tomentose outside, caducous. Petiole terete, smooth, 917 by 1.52.5 mm, tomentose, lower pulvinus indistinct, upper pulvinus 25 by 23 mm. Leaves narrowly elliptic, 919 by 48.5 cm; base obtuse to cuneate, basal glands present, hairy; margin glandular-serrate to glandular-dentate, slightly recurved, marginal glands regular, distinct, hairy; apex acuminate; blade thick, smooth, dull, brittle, drying greenish or brownish above, brownish beneath, (sparsely) tomentose, nervation with denser indumentum, glabrescent; dots irregularly set, fine, grey, indistinct; disc-like glands few, hairy, scattered within marginal arches, indistinct. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 8 or 9 pairs, flat to sunken above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 1.54 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, densely reticulate, flat to sunken above, (slightly) prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 25 clustered together, 918 by 23 mm, probably sericeous; peduncle absent; bracts conspicuous, broadly triangular, 0.81.2 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, ?glandular; glomerules variably distinct, globose, 1.52 by 1.52 mm, consisting of 612 rather densely set flowers, spaced at 00.1 mm along the rachis; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 0.81.2 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, narrowly obovate, 0.50.8 mm long, almost free, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; stamens 2 (or 4), slightly exserted, 0.51 mm long; anthers 0.30.4 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode minute, hairy. Pistillate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 24 by 1.52 mm, sericeous; flowers up to 7, densely arranged along the rachis; bracts triangular, 0.81 mm long, sparsely sericeous outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles ovate, 0.60.8 mm long, sparsely sericeous outside, glabrous inside; pedicel absent. Pistillate flowers 23.5 mm long; sepals 4 (or 5), ovate, connate at base, 0.81 mm long, sericeous outside, sericeous at base only inside; ovary ellipsoid to subglobose, 1.52.5 mm long, 2-locular, smooth, sericeous; stigmas apically almost completely divided, sessile, flattened to the top of the ovary, 0.51 mm long, lowly papillate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, sparsely sericeous, style remnant absent. Infructescences c. 5 by 1.5 mm, hirsute; fruiting pedicel absent. Fruits ellipsoid, not stiped, not beaked, 89 by 5.56 mm, subsmooth, drying dark brown, subhirsute; pericarp very thin, not fleshy; septae and column hairy. Seeds not seen.
Section Appendiculatae.
Distribution Thailand; Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia.
Habitat & Ecology Evergreen or mixed deciduous forest; in scrubby and moist areas. Altitude: 200300 m. Flowering: March; fruiting: April, May.
Aporosa sphaeridiophora Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 1, Suppl. (1906) 761; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 86 (excl. A. sphaeridiophora Merr. var. campanulata (J.J. Sm.) Pax & K.Hoffm.); Merr., Enum. Philipp. Flow. Pl. 2 (1923) 410; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 348, fig. 3.7j, 3.8j; map 10.68. Lectotype (designated by Schot, 2004): FB (Barnes) 146 (holo A; iso BO, K), Philippines, Luzon, Bataan.
Aporosa acuminatissima Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 16 (1920) 546. Type: FB (Amarillas) 26185 (holo A; iso K, P), Philippines, Luzon, Laguna.
Tree, up to 20 m high, up to 30 cm diameter. Young branches sparsely puberulous. Stipules not seen, early caducous. Petiole terete, adaxially grooved, 824 by 11.5 mm, very sparsely puberulous, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 1.52 by 1.52 mm, upper pulvinus 36 by 1.52.5 mm, both distinct. Leaves (narrowly) ovate to (narrowly) elliptic, 6.520 by 2.59.5 cm; base cuneate to attenuate (occasionally slightly cordate), basal glands absent; margin very lowly undulate to crenate, marginal glands regular, large, black; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thickish, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying greyish green to brownish green above, brownish beneath, glabrous above, only midrib and nerves at base very sparsely puberulous beneath, glabrescent; dots distinct, densely set, black; disc-like glands absent. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 69 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches mostly distinct, 24 mm from the margin; veins and venation indistinct, laxly reticulate, flat above, slightly prominent to flat beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences single, 2874 by 1.52.5 mm, sparsely puberulous; peduncle 35 by 0.71 mm; bracts broadly triangular, conspicuous, 0.81.5 mm long, very sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; glomerules subglobose, lax, consisting of 610 flowers, 2.53 by 1.21.5 mm, spaced at 13 mm at base, decreasing to 0 mm at apex; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 23.5 mm long; sepals 4, obovate, 0.81.5 mm long, connate to more than halfway, ridged, sparsely hairy outside, hairy at base only or glabrous inside; stamens 24, exserted, 1.54 mm long; anthers 0.50.6 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 1 or 2 clustered together, 716 by 11.2 mm, puberulous; flowers up to 15, rather densely arranged below, densely arranged apically; bracts broadly triangular, 0.50.9 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; bracteoles ovate, 0.30.5 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; pedicel 12 mm long, puberulous. Pistillate flowers 2.53.5 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, patent, fleshy, 11.5 mm long, sparsely hairy at base outside, glabrous inside; ovary ovoid, 23 mm long, 2- or 3-locular, smooth, glabrous; stigmas sessile, elongated, almost completely divided, perpendicular to or slightly ascending from the sides of the ovary, slightly recurved, 0.81.2 mm long, ribbed above, margins papillate, glabrous, smooth beneath, glabrous, style remnant present. Infructescences 2233 by 0.81.2 mm, sparsely puberulous; fruiting pedicel 46 mm long, sparsely puberulous. Fruits globose to ellipsoid, not stiped, not beaked, 8.512 by 8.511 mm, smooth or slightly punctulate, glabrous; pericarp 0.71.5 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds (1 or) 2, half-terete, suborbicular, 78 by 67 by 24 mm.
Section Sundanenses.
Distribution Malesia: Java, Philippines.
Key to the varieties
| 1a. | Leaves (sub)glabrous. Fruits ellipsoid, slightly punctulate | b. var. campanulata |
| 1b. | Leaves with only midrib and nerves at base very sparsely puberulous beneath, glabrescent. Fruits globose, smooth | a. var. sphaeridiophora |
a. var. sphaeridiophora
Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 350.
Nomenclature see under species.
Leaves only midrib and nerves at base very sparsely puberulous beneath, glabrescent, glabrous above. Staminate flowers 23.5 mm long; sepals 4, narrowly obovate, 0.81 mm long, connate to c. halfway, sparsely hairy outside, only hairy at base inside, ciliate; stamens 2 or 3, exserted, 1.53.5 mm long, anthers 0.50.6 mm long, connective sparsely hairy; pistillode absent. Fruit globose, 810 by 810 mm, smooth.
Distribution Philippines
l = var. sphaeridiophora; « = var. campanulata
Habitat & Ecology Lowland primary or secondary rain forest, lower montane forest, disturbed or logged over areas; in cloud zone; on steep slopes. Soil: (rocky or volcanic) clay, dark. Altitude: 2001200 m. Flowering: January to April, November; fruiting: January, April to November.
Vernacular names Sono-sono (Cebuano).
Notes 1. The material identified as A. sphaeridiophora from the Moluccas, belongs to A. dendroidea.
2. Aporosa sphaeridiophora var. sphaeridiophora is variable in texture and indumentum of the branchlets and leaves: a couple of specimens from Luzon have thick, leathery leaves and fruits of 1519 by 1420 mm with the pericarp 1.52 mm thick [distributed as Aporosa (sphaeridiophora var.) mirandae Merr.]. Two collections from Samar have (sparsely) tomentose branchlets, petioles and nerves beneath. However, all these characters are gradual, and in addition there is one specimen from Mindanao which has both tomentose and leathery leaves. With so few collections and so little consistency in the characters I cannot designate any of these Philippine forms as different varieties.
b. var. campanulata (J.J. Sm.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
Aporosa sphaeridiophora Merr. var. campanulata (J.J. Sm.) Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 86; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1964) 456, ?457; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 350. Aporosa campanulata J.J. Sm., Ic. Bog. 3 (1907) 71, t. 224; Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indiλ 10 (1910) 237. Aporosa sphaeridiophora auct. non Merr.: Koord., Exkurs.-Fl. Java 2 (1912) 480. Lectotype (designated by Schot, 2004): Koorders 26274 (holo BO; iso L, P), Java, Preanger, Tjigenteng.
Leaves (sub)glabrous. Staminate flowers 23.5 mm long; sepals 4, narrowly obovate, 11.5 mm long, connate to c. halfway, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, ciliate; stamens 24, exserted, 24 mm long, anthers 0.50.6 mm long, connective sparsely hairy; pistillode absent. Fruits ellipsoid, c. 12 by 11 mm, slightly punctulate.
Distribution Malesia: W Java.
Vernacular names W Java: ki endang
Note Directly after describing his A. campanulata J.J. Smith (1907) mentioned that the specific status was in doubt. It should probably be reduced to a variety of the Philippine A. sphaeridiophora. This view has been followed by subsequent authors. At present, however, I am not so sure of this. The leaves are undoubtedly similar, but then, so are the leaves of the Bornean A. caloneura. Aporosa sphaeridionphora var. campanulata has (sub)glabrous leaves, A. caloneura also, A. sphaeridiophora very sparsely puberulous ones, but variable. All three species have the same type of nervation. The also similar A. nervosa differs in the stronger nervation on the lower side, and in the indumentum, but this is also variable. The staminate inflorescence of all three is similar, but again variable. The three, A. caloneura, A. nervosa, and A. sphaeridiophora differ mostly in their pistillate inflorescence: A. caloneura has distinctly pedicelled flowers with subglabrous ovaries; A. nervosa has subsessile flowers with sparsely sericeous ovaries; A. sphaeridiophora has subsessile flowers with glabrous ovaries. The infructescence of all three species, however, is quite similar, though
A. nervosa has ellipsoid or ovoid sparsely puberulous fruits, A. caloneura (narrowly) ovoid, slightly beaked, glabrous ones, and A. sphaeridiophora globose glabrous ones. The infructescence of A. sphaeridiophora var. campanulata is in accordance with all of them, but the ellipsoid glabrous fruits do not fit particularly one or other. As the pistillate inflorescence of A. campanulata is unknown, the true position of this species is doubtful. It is to hope there will be still some specimens left in West Java to solve this question in the (near) future, but I doubt it.
Aporosa stellifera Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 352; Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 60; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 85; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 239; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 60; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 232, fig. 3.5f, 3.6g; map 10.10; Schot & Welzen in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 100, fig. 21a, b. Lectoype (Schot, 2004): Kings Collector 1642 (holo K), Peninsular Malaysia, Penang, 15001800 ft.
Aporosa nitida auct. non Merr.: Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 60.
Shrub or tree, up to 18 m high, up to 25 cm diameter. Bark black, brown, fawn, or pale greyish green, smooth, with minute rugose scales; inner bark white to yellowish white to yellow-brown. Wood (pale) yellow, cream, or brown. Young branches glabrous. Stipules not seen, early caducous. Petiole terete, adaxially (lowly) grooved, 1833 by 1.52.5 mm, glabrous, lower pulvinus 1.53.5 by 23.5 mm, upper pulvinus 69 by 23.5 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 15.533 by 6.513 cm; base rounded to acute, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate, marginal glands few, small, greyish; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thickish, smooth, rather shiny, not brittle, drying yellowish green to greyish green above and beneath, completely glabrous; dots absent; disc-like glands absent. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 1014 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 24 mm from the margin; tertiary nerves and venation fading, densely reticulate, flat above, (slightly) prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 310 clustered together, 944 by 1.52.5 mm, sparsely tomentose, glabrescent; peduncle 1.53 by 0.81 mm; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 0.71.2 mm long, glabrous, margin ciliate; glomerules ellipsoid, 1.53.5 by 0.51.5 mm, consisting of less than 10 flowers, spaced at 0.51 mm at base of the rachis, decreasing to 0 mm apically; pedicel 0.10.2 mm long. Staminate flowers 0.30.6 mm long; sepals 4, narrowly obovate, 0.40.8 mm long, connate at base only, glabrous, margin sparsely ciliate; stamens 2, not to slightly exserted, 0.30.6 mm long; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 26 clustered together, 47 by 0.71 mm, very sparsely puberulous, glabrescent; flowers up to 7, at apical end of the rachis; bracts triangular, 0.40.6 mm long, glabrous, margin ciliate; bracteoles ovate, 0.40.6 mm long, subglabrous outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; pedicel 13 mm, sparsely hairy. Pistillate flowers 34.5 mm long; sepals 5 or 6, ovate, reflexed, thick fleshy, 0.81.2 mm long, glabrous, margin ciliate; staminodes occasionally 2 or 3 present, 0.20.7 mm long; ovary cylindrical, 2.53 mm long, 3- (seldom 4-)locular, smooth, glabrous; stigmas sessile, broad, almost completely divided, flattened on top of the ovary, straight, 0.81.5 mm long, smooth, lowly papillate above, glabrous, connate to the ovary beneath, smooth, glabrous. Infructescences 816 by 11.5 mm, sparsely tomentose, glabrescent; fruiting pedicel 24 mm long, sparsely tomentose. Fruits ellipsoid, not stiped, not beaked, 1521 by 1318 mm, punctate to lowly papillate, glabrous; pericarp 1.53 mm thick, fleshy; apex of endocarp caudate; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 3, half-terete, ellipsoid, 1010.5 by 8.510 by 3.55 mm.
Section Aporosa.
Distribution Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra.
Habitat & Ecology Primary, disturbed, bamboo or riverine forest, belukar; on hills, ridges, ridges, along river banks, and road sides; in lowland, or seasonal swampy areas. Soil: granite or granitic rock. Altitude: 30300 m. Flowering: February to April, July to September; fruiting: March to November.
Vernacular names Peninsular Malaysia: Sebasah, semasak (Malay).
Aporosa stenostachys Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 29 (1974) 285; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 41; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 233, map 10.5. Type: S (Senada) 10113 (holo K; iso BO, L, SING), Sarawak, Bintulu.
Tree, up to 18 m high, up to 15 cm diameter. Bark chocolate to greyish brown, smooth. Twigs brownish green, sparsely hirsute. Stipules narrowly ovate, slightly oblique, c. 1.5 by 34 mm wide, sparsely hairy, caducous. Petiole terete, adaxially lowly grooved, 815 by 0.81 mm, sparsely hirsute, lower pulvinus 12 by c. 1 mm, upper pulvinus 1.54 by 11.2 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 1019 by 35.5 cm; base obtuse to acute, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands regular, distinct, brownish to black; apex cuspidate to caudate; thin, young leaves lowly granular, dull, not brittle, drying greenish yellow above and beneath, nervation lighter beneath, glabrous above, only midrib and nerves sparsely hirsute beneath, glabrescent; dots absent; disc-like glands absent. Nervation: midrib prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 912 pairs, flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches fading, 12 mm from the margin; tertiary nerves and venation fading, laxly reticulate, flat above, slightly prominent to flat beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 414 clustered together, 935 by 0.51.5 mm, sparsely puberulous; peduncle 26 by 0.50.8 mm; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 0.40.6 mm long, puberulous outside, glabrous inside; glomerules ellipsoid, 11.5 by 0.50.8 mm, consisting of less than 10 flowers, spaced at 24 mm at base of rachis, decreasing to 0 mm apically; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 0.30.5 mm long; sepals 4 (or 5), narrowly obovate, connate at base only, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; stamens 2 (or 3), slightly exserted, 0.20.4 mm long; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 25 clustered together, 613 by 0.81 mm, sparsely puberulous; flowers single at apical end of rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.81 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles not seen; pedicel 25 mm long, sparsely puberulous. Pistillate flowers 46 mm long; sepals 5 (or 6), subequal, ovate, ascending, 1.82.2 mm long, sparsely hairy; staminodes erratically 1 present; ovary ovoid, 3.54 mm long, 3-locular, punctulate, sparsely hairy at base; stigmas sessile, broad, apically bifid to c. halfway, flattened on top of the ovary, straight, 1.22 mm long, ribbed and papillate above, glabrous, connate to the ovary beneath, smooth, glabrous. Infructescences 814 by 11.2 mm, sparsely puberulous; fruiting pedicel 24 mm long, sparsely puberulous. Fruits ovoid to globose, not stiped, not beaked, 811 by 811 mm, slightly punctulate, very sparsely puberulous; pericarp 0.50.8 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 2 or 3, half-terete, ellipsoid, 79 by 5.57 by 34 mm.
Section Aporosa.
Distribution Malesia: Borneo.
l = A. fulvovittata;
« = A. stenostachys
Habitat & Ecology Riverine forest; along river banks, or in tidal zone; leaning over the water, sometimes partly under water. Soil rich. Altitude: low to 250 m. Flowering: April, May, October; fruiting: March, October. Fruits apparently eaten by squirrels.
Aporosa subcaudata Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., Bot. 11 (1916) 64; Enum. Born. Pl. (1921) 330; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 95; Merr., Pl. Elmer. Born. (1929) 142; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 41; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 257; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 351, fig. 3.5e, 3.6j, 10.10; map 10.69. Type: Hose 204 (holo A; iso BM, L), Sarawak, Baram.
Aporosa bracteosa Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 95; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 237; S.Moore, J. Bot. Brit. & For. 63, Suppl. (1925) 34; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Sandakan 7 (1967) 34 (+ fig.); Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 60; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 33; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 254. Lectotype (designated by Schot, 2004): Forbes 3132 (holo BM; iso L, P), Sumatra, Nepal Litjin.
Aporosa penangensis auct. non (Ridl.) Airy Shaw: Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 39.
Tree, up to 30 m high, up to 25 cm diameter. Bark (dark, pale, or reddish) brown, or dark green to (light) grey, smooth, slightly fissured, flaking; inner bark dark or pale brown to reddish or pinkish, yellowish, or whitish, scaly. Wood light brown, reddish, orange, or yellow to whitish. Young branches brown, tomentose. Stipules (narrowly) ovate, 56 by 1.53 mm, sparsely sericeous, present in young stages. Petiole terete, adaxially lowly grooved, 513 by 12 mm, densely hirsute, glabrescent, lower pulvinus c. 2 by 2 mm, indistinct, upper pulvinus 2.54 by 23 mm, distinct. Leaves narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, 726 by 27.5 cm; base obtuse to cuneate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to subentire, marginal glands many, in margin, small, black; apex cuspidate to caudate; blade thinnish, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying greyish green to almost black above, (light) brown beneath, only midrib and nerves tomentose above, glabrescent, sparsely tomentose beneath, midrib and nerves tomentose, glabrescent; dots laxly set, greyish, fading in older leaves; disc-like glands absent. Nervation: midrib flat to raised in a furrow above, prominent beneath; nerves 815 pairs, flat to slightly sunken above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 0.52 mm from margin; tertiary veins and venation often distinct, (slightly) scalariform, flat above, prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 17 clustered together, 923 by 12 mm, sericeous to tomentose; peduncle 24 by c. 1 mm; bracts broadly triangular, 0.51.5 mm long, inconspicuous, densely hairy outside, glabrous inside; glomerules subglobose, 12.5 by 11.5 mm, spaced at 0.51.5 mm at base of rachis, decreasing to 0 at apex; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 0.30.5 mm long; sepals 4, narrowly obovate, 0.31 mm long, connate at base only, hairy outside, glabrous inside; stamens 2, not to slightly exserted, 0.30.6 mm; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode a minute lump. Pistillate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 29 by 1.52 mm, sericeous; flowers up to 13, densely arranged along the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.30.6 mm long, sericeous outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles ovate, 0.20.3 mm long, sericeous outside, glabrous inside; pedicel absent. Pistillate flowers 1.52.2 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, patent, 0.51.2 mm long, hairy outside, hairy at base only inside, margin ciliate; ovary ellipsoid, 1.22 mm long, 2-locular, densely sericeous; stigmas sessile, elongated, completely divided, flattened to the sides of the ovary, straight, 1.21.5 mm long, densely laciniate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, sericeous, style remnant absent. Infructescences 315 by 1.52.5 mm, sericeous; fruiting pedicel 0.51 mm long. Fruits ellipsoid, occasionally globose, 812 by 46(10) mm, not stiped, not beaked, punctate, (sparsely) sericeous; pericarp 0.51 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 1 (or 2), half-terete, ovoid, 68 by 45 by 24 mm.
Section Sundanenses.
Distribution Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, and Borneo.
Habitat & Ecology Primary, secondary, disturbed, logged forests; flat or low undulating country; on ridges, hill sides, hill tops, (steep) slopes, valleys, near riverbanks. Soil: clay, sandy clay, sandy loam, or sandstone, yellow or red. Altitude: 101200 m. Flowering: April to June, August to November; fruiting throughout the year.
Vernacular names Peninsular Malaysia: Kaum tebasa, sebasah (Malay). Borneo: Panatan (Dusun); murok, kayu masam (Iban).
Notes 1. An extremely variable species: the leaves can be densely or sparsely tomentose beneath; the nervation can be distinctly scalariform with the marginal arches very close to the margin or only slightly scalariform with marginal arches farther from the margin; the arrangement of the staminate glomerules or pistillate flowers can be lax below, with a bare peduncle, to almost continuous, densely set throughout; the bracts can be large and conspicuous or small; and there are even some specimens from Sarawak with globose, sericeous fruits. Thus, Pax & K. Hoffmanns A. bracteosa is a form which has leaves with an indistinct reticulate venation and a short inflorescence rachis with conspicuous bracts and densely arranged flowers. Merrills A. subcaudata is one with leaves with a dense scalariform venation and inflorescences with interrupted flowers below and small bracts. There is, however, no consistent combination of the variable characters to justify distinction even on variety level, thus even less so on species level.
2. A third species often placed in this complex, A. acuminatissima of Merrill (1929), was a mixture: the type is A. falcifera, but the staminate specimen used in the description was A. subcaudata (A. bracteosa). The same name, A. acuminatissima, was already used earlier by Merrill (1920) and is a synonym of A. sphaeridiophora.
3. Pax & Hoffmann (1922) give for A. bracteosa as syntype Ridley 6484, but this number as preserved in BM and K is unmistakably A. confusa. Regarding the fact that they wrongly cited a couple of other specimens, I feel no guilt stating that Ridley 6484a, from the same place as the foregoing, but definitely representing A. subcaudata, is their originally intended syntype, and is here designated the paratype.
4. Two types of galls are found in this species: a gall that deforms the inflorescence into a panicle-like bushy structure, and one that aborts the flowers in the glomerule into finger-like strings.
5. Some specimens show signs of ant-habitation, because on the leaves hairy nests can be present which are made along the midrib below, and once I have seen ant-holes in the upper branchlets.
Aporosa sylvestri Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 32 (1978) 365; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 283, map 10.35. Type: S (Sylvester) 32813 (holo K; iso BO, L), Sarawak, 5th Division.
Tree, 15 m high, 15 cm diameter. Bark chocolate brown, smooth to slightly fissured, pock-marked. Twigs brownish grey, tomentose. Stipules not seen, caducous [but probably falcate]. Petiole terete, smooth, 1622 by 2.53 mm, tomentose, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 34 by c. 2 mm, upper pulvinus 57 by 3.54.5 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly elliptic, 2129 by 6.510 cm; base rounded to obtuse, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate, marginal glands few, small, black, in margin; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thick, smooth, strongly bullate, shiny, not brittle, drying greenish grey above, brownish beneath, glabrous above, nervation sparsely hairy, hirsute beneath; dots densely set, fine, grey; disc-like glands present along the margin, many, black. Nervation: midrib flat to prominent in a furrow above, prominent beneath; nerves 1012 pairs, flat to sunken above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 25 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, densely reticulate to slightly scalariform, flat to sunken above, prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences and staminate flowers not known. Pistillate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 510 by 1.52 mm, puberulous, flowers up to 15, densely arranged at apical 3/4th of rachis; bracts triangular, c. 0.4 mm long, sparsely hirsute outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles ovate, c. 0.2 mm long, sparsely hirsute outside, glabrous inside; pedicel 0.10.2 mm long, sericeous. Pistillate flowers 22.5 mm long; sepals 5, narrowly ovate, patent, 0.81 mm long, hirsute outside, glabrous inside; staminodes occasionally 3 present; ovary ellipsoid, 2.22.8 mm long, 3-locular, smooth, sericeous; stigmas sessile, elongated, apically bifid to c. halfway, flattened to the sides of the ovary, straight, 23 mm long, lowly longitudinally ribbed above, glabrous, smooth beneath, style remnant absent. Infructescences, fruits and seeds not known; septae and column in flower glabrous.
Section Benthamianae.
Distribution Malesia: Borneo (Sarawak).
l = A. bullatissima;
« = A. sylvestri
Habitat & Ecology Kerangas; hill slopes. Soil: sandy. Altitude: c. 1000 m. Flowering: March.
Note Only known from the type collection. With so little material it remains unclear to me whether A. sylvestri is a distinct species or just an extreme kerangas form of A. lunata.
Aporosa symplocifolia Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 1, Suppl. (1906) 77 (symplocosifolia); Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 88; Merr., Enum. Philipp. Flow. Pl. 2 (1923) 410; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euphorb. Philip. Isl. (1983) 9; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 268, map 10.29. Lectotype (designated by Schot, 2004): Whitford 53 (holo K; iso P), Philippines, Luzon, Mt Mariveles.
Aporosa elliptifolia Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., Bot. 9 (1914) 472; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 88, in obs.; Merr., Enum. Philipp. Flow. Pl. 2 (1923) 410; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euphorb. Philip. Isl. (1983) 9. Type: Merrill 9609 (iso L), Philippines, Palawan.
Small tree, up to 8 m high, c. 8 cm diameter. Bark smooth; inner bark fawn. Young branches glabrous. Stipules narrowly triangular, 34 by 11.5 mm, glabrous, caducous. Petiole half-terete, ridged, 816 by 0.81 mm, glabrous, lower pulvinus 12 by 0.81.2 mm, variably distinct, upper pulvinus 24 by 0.81.2 mm, distinct. Leaves (narrowly) ovate to (narrowly) elliptic, 611 by 2.55.5 cm; base obtuse to cuneate, basal glands small, brown to grey, distinct; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands few, small, brownish, often distinct; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thick, smooth, shiny, rather brittle, drying green-yellow above and beneath, subglabrous (sometimes in very young leaves midrib very sparsely hairy beneath); dots rather irregularly densely set, fine, greyish, fading; disc-like glands often present, few, distinct, within marginal arches. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 710 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, (slightly) prominent to flat beneath, marginal arches often distinct, 1.54 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation fading, densely reticulate, slightly prominent to flat. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 25 clustered together, 919 by 1.82 mm, probably puberulous; peduncle absent; bracts broadly triangular, 0.51 mm long, rather conspicuous, hairy at base only outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; glomerules indistinct, consisting of 58 laxly set flowers, spaced continuously along the rachis; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 0.81.2 mm long; sepals 4, (narrowly) obovate, 0.91.3 mm long, free, connate to rachis, glabrous, margin ciliate; stamens 2 (or 3), not exserted, 0.81.2 mm long; anthers 0.20.3 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 1 or 2 clustered together, 310 by 1.21.5 mm, puberulous, flowers up to 7, densely set along the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.50.9 mm long, glabrous outside, hairy at base only inside, margin sparsely ciliate; bracteoles triangular to ovate, 0.30.5 mm long, glabrous, margin ciliate; pedicel absent. Pistillate flowers 24.2 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, subequal, ascending, 0.51 mm long, base fleshy, glabrous outside, sericeous at base inside; ovary ovoid, 1.53 mm long, 2-locular, smooth, glabrous; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, ascending from the top of the ovary, straight or slightly recurved, apically bifid to near base, 0.51 mm long, papillate to laciniate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, style remnant present. Infructescences 411 by 0.81.5 mm, puberulous; fruiting pedicel absent. Fruits ovoid to ellipsoid, not stiped, not beaked, 811 by 59 mm, punctate, drying light brown to black, glabrous; pericarp 0.30.5 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column sericeous, mostly at margins. Seeds 1 or 2, (half-)terete, ellipsoid, 78 by 57 by 24 mm.
Section Appendiculatae.
Distribution Malesia: Philippines.
Habitat & Ecology In forest; in high, often mossy places; on ridges. Soil: volcanic with sulphur, or riverine rocks and gravel beds, or ?ultrabasic. Altitude: low to 950 m. Flowering: December to March; fruiting: May, June.
Aporosa symplocoides (Hook.f.) Gage, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 9 (1922) 229; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 90; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 240; S.Moore, J. Bot. Brit. & For. 63 Suppl. (1925) 97; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Sandakan 7 (1967) 34; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 218; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 60; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 41, excl. var. chondroneura (Airy Shaw) Airy Shaw; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 257; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 234, fig. 3.6t; map 10.11; Schot & Welzen in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 100, fig. 21c. ?Baccaurea symplocoides Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 376. Type: Kings Collector (holo K), Peninsular Malaysia, Perak.
Shrub or tree, up to 24 m high, up to 30 cm diameter. Bark brownish, reddish, grey, white, or green-white, smooth to slightly flaky or scaly fissured; inner bark pale grey, pale brown, cream, yellow, orange, or reddish brown, speckled. Wood white, cream, brownish, or yellow, hard. Young branches glabrous. Stipules not seen, early caducous. Petiole terete, adaxially grooved, 1226 by 0.51.2 mm, glabrous, lower pulvinus 1.53 by 11.5 mm, upper pulvinus 25 by 1.22 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to (narrowly) elliptic, 617 by 2.57 cm; base rounded to slightly attenuate, basal glands sometimes present, small, black, flat; margin lowly undulate to lowly crenate, marginal glands few, small, greyish to black; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thin, young leaves lowly granular above and beneath, dull, not brittle, sometimes slightly shiny, drying (dark) grey-green above and beneath, sometimes yellowish green, completely glabrous; dots irregularly set, fine, brownish or blackish, indistinct; disc-like glands small, along the margin, irregularly present. Nervation: midrib (slightly) prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 69 pairs, slightly prominent above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 23 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, densely reticulate, slightly prominent to flat. Inflorescences axillary or just beneath the leaves. Staminate inflorescences clustered 110 together, 1262(98) by 0.81.2 mm, subglabrous; peduncle 1.53 by 0.50.8 mm; bracts broadly triangular, 0.50.8 mm long, inconspicuous, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; glomerules globose, 11.2 by 0.81.2 mm, consisting of 48 flowers, spaced at 0.53(7) mm along the rachis; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 0.50.9 mm long; sepals 4, narrowly obovate, 0.50.9 mm long, connate at base, glabrous, margin sparsely ciliate; stamens 2, not or slightly exserted, 0.30.7 mm long; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode indistinct. Pistillate inflorescences clustered 13 together, 733 by 0.50.8 mm, sparsely puberulous at base, glabrescent; flowers up to 11, laxly arranged along the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.50.8 mm long, glabrous outside, hairy at base inside, margin ciliate; bracteoles ovate, 0.40.6 mm long, glabrous outside, hairy at base inside; pedicel 14 mm long, very sparsely puberulous. Pistillate flowers 1.53 mm long; sepals 3 or 4, ovate, subequal, 0.51 mm long, glabrous, margin ciliate, fleshy; ovary ovoid, 1.22.2 mm long, 2- or 3-locular, smooth, glabrous; stigmas slightly raised, elongated, perpendicular to or slightly ascending from the sides of the ovary, apically bifid to near base, straight, 0.21 mm long, ribbed above, glabrous, smooth beneath, glabrous, style remnant present. Infructescences 9114 by 0.51 mm, glabrous; fruiting pedicel 235 mm long, very sparsely puberulous. Fruits (narrowly) ellipsoid to ovoid, not (lowly) stiped, sometimes beaked, 919 by 6.511 mm, punctulate to almost smooth, glabrous; pericarp 0.20.8 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 13, half-terete, ovoid, 69 by 47 by 24 mm.
Section Aporosa.
Distribution Malesia: Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo.
l = var. symplocoides;
« = var.
chalocarpa
Habitat & Ecology Primary, somewhat disturbed or logged over, evergreen forest; on hill sides, hill tops, along road sides, or by streams; in undulating land, in open, dense, or (partly) shaded areas, sometimes in seasonal swamps. Soil: granitic or sandy, rich, black. Altitude: low to 500 m. Flowering: March to October; fruiting: March to January.
Vernacular names Peninsular Malaysia: Sebasah (Malay). Borneo: Bantas (Iban); atang (kayan).
Notes 1. See note under A. prainiana.
2. The variety A. symplocoides var. chalarocarpa differs from typical A. symplocoides only in the elongated infructescences, pedicels, and fruits. There are no differences in vegetative characters or in staminate flowers (one staminate specimen, SAN 40618, has inflorescences up to 98 mm long, but differs in no other character from the typical form). Some specimens (from Sarawak and Simalur) are even intermediate in having the fusiform fruits of A. chalarocarpa combined with the short inflorescences and pedicels of A. symplocoides.
Key to the varieties
|
1a. |
Infructescences 34114 mm long. Fruiting pedicel 1335 mm long. Fruit narrowly ellipsoid to fusiform, 1619 by 6.510 mm, shortly stiped and beaked |
b. var. chalarocarpa |
|
1b. |
Infructescences 946 mm long. Fruiting pedicel 27 mm long. Fruit ellipsoid to ovoid, 913 by 811 mm, not stiped, not beaked |
a. var. symplocoides |
a. var. symplocoides
Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 236; Schot & Welzen in Chayam. & Welzen, Fl. Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 100, fig. 21c.
For nomenclature see under species.
Infructescences 946 mm long; fruiting pedicel 27 mm long. Fruits ellipsoid to ovoid, 913 by 811 mm, not stiped, not beaked.
b. var. chalarocarpa (Airy Shaw) Schot
Aporosa symplocoides (Hook.f.) Gage var. chalarocarpa (Airy Shaw) Schot, Blumea 40 (1995) 453; Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 236. Aporosa chalarocarpa Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1966) 380; Meijer, Bot. News Bull. Sandakan 7 (1967) 34; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 34. Type: SAN (Meijer) 19411 (holo K; iso BO, L), Sabah, Tawau.
Infructescences 34114 mm long; fruiting pedicel 1335 mm long. Fruits narrowly ellipsoid to fusiform, 1619 by 6.510 mm, lowly stiped and beaked.
Aporosa vagans Schot, Blumea 40 (1995) 459; Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) fig. 3.5o, 3.7k; map 10.49. Type: Brass 32296 (holo A; iso K, L, LAE), Papua New Guinea, Eastern Highlands Prov., Kassam Gap.
(Small) tree, up to 21 m high, up to 45 cm diameter. Bark greyish or red to brown, smooth to scaly or pustular; inner bark green, straw, cream, red, or reddish brown. Wood red, brown to yellowish white, or cream. Young branches tomentose. Stipules falcate, 89 by 1217 mm, sparsely tomentose, often black disc-like glands beneath along upper margin, mostly caducous. Petiole terete, adaxially grooved, 528 by 0.82.2 mm, (sparsely) tomentose, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 13 by 1.22.5 mm, upper pulvinus 27 by 1.53 mm, both rather distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to (narrowly) elliptic, 926 by 312 cm; base rounded to cuneate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands regular to many, often distinct, grey to blackish; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thickish, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying (dark) bluish to greyish brown above, brown beneath, very sparsely tomentose above, midrib tomentose, glabrescent, sparsely tomentose beneath, midrib and nerves tomentose, glabrescent; dots densely set, fine, blackish grey, fading; disc-like glands irregularly present at base along the margin, black. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 912 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches rather distinct, 25 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, densely reticulate to slightly scalariform, slightly prominent to flat above, (slightly) prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 929 by 2.54 mm, tomentose; peduncle 36 by 11.5 mm; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 1.21.8 mm long, sparsely tomentose outside, very sparsely tomentose hairy at base only inside, margin ciliate; glomerules globose, 1.53 by 1.52.5 mm, consisting of 915 densely set flowers, spaced at 24 mm at base of rachis, decreasing to 0 mm at apex; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 1.53 mm long; sepals 4, obovate, 11.5 mm long, connate to c. halfway, very sparsely tomentose outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; stamens (2 or) 3 (or 4), exserted, 1.53 mm long; anthers 0.30.4 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode cylindric, minute, sparsely hairy. Pistillate inflorescences 15 clustered together, 532 by 0.51.8 mm, (sparsely) tomentose; flowers up to 11, rather laxly set throughout the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.51 mm long, sparsely tomentose outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; bracteoles ovate, 0.30.5 mm long, sparsely tomentose outside, glabrous inside; pedicel 0.54 mm long, (sparsely) tomentose. Pistillate flowers 2.55 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, patent, 0.71.2 mm long, thin, sparsely tomentose outside, very sparsely tomentose at base inside; ovary ovoid, 23.5 mm long, 3-locular, smooth, (sparsely) tomentose; stigmas raised, elongated, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, recurved, apically bifid to near base, 1.22.5 mm long, laxly laciniate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, sparsely tomentose, style remnant present. Infructescences 948 mm long, 0.82 mm diam., (sparsely) tomentose; fruiting pedicel 49 mm long, (sparsely) tomentose. Fruits ovoid to globose, not stiped, not beaked, 1115 by 1016 mm, punctulate, drying light to dark brown, sparsely tomentose; pericarp 0.52.5 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 2 or 3, half-terete, ovoid, 911 by 79 by 34 mm.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua New Guinea.
Habitat & Ecology In understorey of secondary, fagaceous, or lowland to montane rain forest; in advanced regrowth, in moderately dry, and/or strongly shaded places; on hills, slopes, flats, in ravines, and beside rivers. Soil: latosol or sandstone. Altitude: 450760 m. Flowering: February, June, July, October; fruiting: March, April, June to January.
Uses Firewood.
Vernacular names Sakindoot (Enga); wakeni (Kassam); tuwoi (Koroba); womekant (Maring); pukong (Nako); tomkuri (Oksapmin).
Notes 1. The epithet means the wandering, and stems from the fact that the species was interpreted as A. papuana by Airy Shaw, A. reticulata by Mansfield (probably), and at first as A. laxiflora by myself.
2. There seem to be two forms of this species: the more common, (sub)montane, typical form and a lowland form. The lowland form has a much lesser indumentum on all parts, which gradually changes into the tomentose montane form. The inflorescences/infructescences are also more slender in the lowland form, which gives it a superficial likeness to A. ledermanniana. No other differences have been found.
Aporosa whitmorei Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 32 (1978) 361; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 236, fig. 3.8c; map 10.12. Type: KEP FRI 4935 (holo K; iso L, SING), Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang.
?Aporosa spec. nov. S.Moore, J. Bot. Brit. & For. 63 Suppl. (1925) 97. Specimen: Forbes 1783 (K), Sumatra, Lampong, Penanggoengan.
Tree, up to 18 m high, up to 30 cm diameter. Bark grey or greyish green, smooth, scaly, c. 0.1 mm thick; inner bark pale yellow, whitish green, or pink, c. 1.5 mm thick. Wood (pale) yellow. Young branches (sparsely) tomentose. Stipules narrowly ovate, slightly oblique, 35 by 23 mm, at base and centre densely tomentose, glabrescent, caducous. Petiole terete, ridged, 611 by 0.81.2 mm, tomentose, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 11.5 by 11.2 mm, upper pulvinus 23 by 11.2 mm, both indistinct under indumentum. Leaves narrowly elliptic, 820 by 37 cm; base rounded to cuneate, basal glands absent; margin subentire, marginal glands many, greyish, hardly visible; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thin, young leaves lowly granular above, dull, not brittle, drying (dark) greyish green above and beneath, only midrib and nerves sparsely tomentose above, glabrescent, sparsely tomentose beneath, glabrescent; dots absent; disc-like glands absent. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 914 pairs, flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 1.53 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, laxly reticulate, flat above, (slightly) prominent to flat beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 14 clustered together, 728 by 0.30.5 mm, very sparsely tomentose, glabrescent; peduncle 13 by 0.30.5 mm; bracts triangular, c. 1 mm long, inconspicuous, glabrous, margin ciliate; glomerules globose, 0.81.2 by 0.81.2 mm, consisting of less than 10 flowers, spaced at 0.52.5 mm along the rachis; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 0.81 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, obovate, 11.2 mm long, almost free, glabrous; stamens 2 or 3, not exserted, 0.81 mm long; anthers 0.20.3 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences 1 or 2 clustered together, 721 by 0.30.7 mm, sparsely tomentose; flowers up to 7, laxly arranged along the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.50.8 mm long, glabrous, margin ciliate; bracteoles ovate, 0.30.4 mm long, glabrous, margin ciliate; pedicel 12 mm long, sparsely tomentose. Pistillate flowers 23 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate to elliptic, 0.81 mm long, very sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; ovary ovoid, 1.52.5 mm long, 3-locular, smooth, very sparsely puberulous, glabrescent; stigmas sessile, elongated, apically bifid to slightly less than halfway, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, slightly recurved, 0.51 mm long, ribbed above, laxly laciniate, glabrous, smooth beneath, glabrous, style remnant present. Infructescences 723 by 0.81.2 mm, sparsely tomentose, glabrescent; fruiting pedicel 25 mm long, sparsely tomentose, glabrescent. Fruits hard fleshy, ovoid to ellipsoid, not stiped, not beaked, 1113 by 912 mm, punctate to almost smooth, glabrous; pericarp 0.81.5 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 13, ovoid, half-terete, 89 by 67 by 35 mm.
Section Aporosa.
Distribution Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra.
l = A. whitmorei;
« = A.
spec. E
Habitat & Ecology Primary, (un)disturbed, or depleted rain forest or riverine forest; on flat land, sloping country or alluvial; on ridge tops, in valleys, along forest edges, road sides, and along rivers. Soil: deep stony sandy or clayey. Altitude: 25400 m. Flowering: March, July to September; fruiting: May to November. Fruits eaten by Orang Utang.
Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 314, map 10.48. Specimen: NGF (Womersley) 3936 (BM, K, L, LAE), Papua New Guinea, Sepik Province.
Small tree. Bark pale grey brown, vertically cracked, brown on the back; inner bark straw brown, c. 6 mm thick. Wood white. Young branches sparsely puberulous. Stipules not seen, early caducous. Petiole terete, rather smooth, 814 by 0.51 mm, sparsely puberulous, glabrescent, lower pulvinus c. 1 by 0.81 mm, indistinct, upper pulvinus 1.52 by c. 1 mm, rather distinct. Leaves (narrowly) ovate, 511 by 25 cm; base obtuse to cuneate, basal glands absent; margin lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands few, small; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thin, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying grey-green above, grey-brown beneath, glabrous above, only midrib very sparsely puberulous beneath, glabrescent; dots absent; disc-like glands distinct, scattered within the arches, small, black. Nervation: midrib flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 57 pairs, flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 23 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, rather densely reticulate, flat above, slightly prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences and staminate flowers not seen. Pistillate inflorescences 14 clustered together, 618 by 0.50.8 mm, puberulous; flowers up to 7, laxly arranged below, more densely at apical end of the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.71 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; bracteoles ovate, 0.40.7 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; pedicel 11.5 mm long, sparsely puberulous. Pistillate flowers 34 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, 0.61 mm long, thin, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; ovary ovoid, 1.72 mm long, 3-locular, smooth, sparsely puberulous; stigmas raised, elongated, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, recurved, apically bifid to c. halfway, 1.52.5 mm long, longitudinally ribbed and laxly laciniate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, sparsely puberulous, style remnant present. Infructescences one remnant seen, c. 11 mm long, c. 1 mm diam., sparsely puberulous; fruiting pedicel c. 1.2 mm long, sparsely puberulous. Fruits one remnant seen, probably globose, not stiped, not beaked, c. 8 by 8 mm, smooth, sparsely puberulous; pericarp 0.81 mm thick, not fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 1 seen, half-terete, broadly ellipsoid, c. 5 by 6 by 4 mm.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua New Guinea, Sepik Province.
q = A.
praegrandifolia; l =
A. spec A; « =
A. spec. B; u =
A. spec. D.
Habitat & Ecology In second storey of foothill forest. Flowering and fruiting: October.
Note Known only from the NGF 3936 collection. The pistillate inflorescences resemble closely those of A. nigropunctata, but the leaves lack the caudate apex and the distinct dots. The disc-like glands differ also in their placement.
Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 315, map 10.48. Specimens: NGF (Henty & Lelean) 41835 (K, L, LAE), Papua New Guinea, Central Prov., Mori, originally identified and distributed as Baccaurea papuana; Paijmans 43 (LAE) Papua New Guinea, Northern District, Musa Basin.
(Small) tree, c. 15 m high, 25 cm diameter. Bark grey-brown, fibrous; inner bark light brown, thin. Wood brownish straw. Young branches sparsely puberulous. Stipules not seen, early caducous. Petiole (half-)terete, adaxially grooved, 916 by 11.2 mm, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 11.5 by 11.5 mm, indistinct, upper pulvinus 34 by 1.52 mm, rather distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 1218.5 by 46.5 cm; base rounded to cuneate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, marginal glands few, small, black; apex acuminate; blade thin, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying greenish grey above, brownish grey beneath, ?glabrous; dots absent; disc-like glands along the margin, regular to many, small, black. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 711 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 24 mm from the margin; veins and venation distinct, rather densely reticulate, slightly prominent to flat above, slightly prominent beneath. Inflorescences mostly born on the trunk, some just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 512 clustered together (1 or 2 just below the leaves), 1969 by 11.5 mm, (sparsely) puberulous; peduncle 417 by 0.51 mm; bracts broadly triangular, 11.2 mm long, sparsely hirsute outside, hairy at base only inside; glomerules ellipsoid to subglobose, consisting of more than 10 rather densely packed flowers, sometimes a few sterile flowers present, 1.54 by 1.52 mm, spaced at 29 mm at base of rachis, decreasing to 0 mm at apex; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 11.8 mm long; sepals 4 (or 5), elliptic, 0.71 mm long, connate to almost halfway, sparsely hirsute outside, hairy at base only inside; stamens 2 (or 3), exserted, 1.22 mm long; anthers 0.20.4 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode minute, cylindric, hairy. Pistillate inflorescences, pistillate flowers, infructescences, fruits, and seeds not seen.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua New Guinea.
q = A.
praegrandifolia; l =
A. spec A; « =
A. spec. B; u =
A. spec. D.
Habitat & Ecology Hill or light ridge forest, on low limestone hills. Altitude: 250300 m. Flowering: February, August.
Note Known from 2 specimens: NGF 41835 and Paijmans 43. Both characterized by the elongated, interrupted, mostly cauliflorous inflorescences. These inflorescences bear a strong resemblance with Pax & Hoffmanns description of A. flexuosa, but the leaves are larger and they have more nerves, more like, e.g., those of A. laxiflora. A true species or a luxuriant form of A. flexuosa?
Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 316, map 10.43 Specimens: Pleyte 738 (BO, L, SING), Indonesia, Papua Barat, Sorong; Pullen 7318 (L, LAE), Papua New Guinea, Western Prov., upper Fly River, SW of Kiunga. (Lately new material has been collected from Ayawasi (near Sorong, Bird's Head, Papua Barat), including pistillate specimens, indicating spec. C is a true species. The species will be named later.)
(Small) tree, up to 15 m high, up to 10 cm diameter. Bark slightly rough, blaze pink. Wood pale orange-straw. Young branches tomentose. Stipules not seen, early caducous. Petiole terete, adaxially grooved, 716 by 22.5 mm, tomentose, lower pulvinus 23 by 2.53 mm, indistinct, upper pulvinus 35 by 2.53 mm, rather distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly obovate, 1121 by 47 cm; base rounded to cuneate, basal glands absent; margin subentire to lowly undulate, marginal glands few, grey, indistinct, in margin; apex acuminate; blade thickish, smooth, sometimes slightly shiny, not brittle, drying light grey-green to red-brown above, (light) brown beneath, only midrib and nerves tomentose-hirsute above, sparsely hirsute beneath, midrib and nerves tomentose-hirsute; dots irregularly laxly set, fine, grey, often indistinct; disc-like glands absent. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 911 pairs, flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 1.52 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, slightly prominent to flat above, slightly prominent beneath. Inflorescences mostly just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 25 clustered together, 2792 by 1.53 mm, tomentose; peduncle (0)25 by 0.81 mm; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 11.2 mm long, hirsute outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; glomerules indistinct, consisting of 35 laxly set flowers, mostly continuously set along the rachis, sometimes lower ones spaced at 12 mm; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 1.52.5 mm long; sepals 4, narrowly elliptic, 0.81.2 mm long, connate to c. halfway, sparsely hirsute outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; stamens 2 (or 3), exserted, 1.52.5 mm long; anthers 0.20.3 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode absent. Pistillate inflorescences, pistillate flowers, infructescences, fruits, and seeds not seen.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua Barat (Sorong), Papua New Guinea (Kiunga).
« = A. laxiflora;
l = A. spec. C.
Habitat & Ecology Primary or thinned out rain forest. Altitude: c. 60 m. Flowering: September.
Note Only two staminate specimens seen. The vegetative characters almost fit those of A. papuana and A. brassii, and maybe also of A. lamellata, but not quite. The delimitation of these three species is mainly based on fruiting characters, therefore, I cannot identify the non-fruiting specimens Pleyte 738 or Pullen 7318 positively with any of them. They may belong to one of the three, or represent a new species.
Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 317, map 10.48 Specimens: NGF (Ridsdale & Galore) 33177 (LAE), Indonesia, Papua Barat, Okwalimkam River Headwaters; NGF (Ridsdale & Galore) 33154 (BO, K, L, LAE), Indonesia, Papua Barat, Okwalimkam River Headwaters; NGF (Henty, Ridsdale & Galorer) 33082 (BO, K, L, LAE), Indonesia, Papua Barat, headwaters of Ok Denim River; Soegeng Reksodihardjo 567 (BO, L), Indonesia, Papua Barat, below Okdenan Oksibil River, Star Mountains.
Tree, up to 10 m high, up to 10 cm diameter. Bark red brown, pustular; inner bark cream. Wood cream. Young branches tomentose. Stipules falcate, 89 by 1214 mm, sparsely tomentose, often caducous, margin with black disc-like glands beneath. Petiole terete, apically grooved adaxially, 1228 by 1.82.2 mm, lower pulvinus 1.53 by 22.5 mm, upper pulvinus 47 by 2.53 mm, both rather distinct, sparsely tomentose. Leaves (narrowly) elliptic, 1424.5 by 6.512 cm; base rounded to obtuse, basal glands absent; margin subentire, marginal glands few, at base, indistinct; apex acuminate to slightly cuspidate; blade thickish, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying red-brown to black above, (dark) brownish beneath, sparsely tomentose above, midrib tomentose, glabrescent, tomentose beneath, glabrescent; dots densely set, fine, black; disc-like glands occasionally few at base within marginal vein arches. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 911 pairs, flat to sunken above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 25 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, flat to sunken above, slightly prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 1847 by 1.52.5 mm, tomentose; peduncle 36 by 0.81 mm; bracts triangular, 11.5 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, with hairy patch at base inside, margin ciliate; glomerules (sub)globose, 22.5 by 22.5 mm, consisting of 810 laxly set flowers, spaced at 38 mm along the rachis, except sometimes apically; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 1.22 mm long; sepals 4, narrowly obovate, 11.5 mm long, thin, connate to less than halfway, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; stamens 26, exserted, 11.8 mm long; anthers 0.30.5 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode a hair tuft. Pistillate inflorescences 25 clustered together, 2432 by 1.21.5 mm, densely tomentose; flowers up to 11, rather laxly arranged along the rachis; bracts triangular, 1.52 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; bracteoles ovate, 0.81.2 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; pedicel 0.51.5 mm long, tomentose. Pistillate flowers 23 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, patent, 11.5 mm long, thin, sparsely hairy outside, with hairy patch at base inside; ovary ovoid, 1.52.5 mm long, 3-locular, smooth, tomentose; stigmas sessile, elongated, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, apically bifid to c. halfway, straight to slightly recurved, 1.21.8 mm long, ribbed and papillate above, glabrous, rather papillate beneath, sparsely tomentose, style remnant absent. Infructescences, fruits, and seeds not seen; septae and column in flower glabrous.
Section Papuanae.
Distribution Malesia: Papua Barat.
q = A.
praegrandifolia; l =
A. spec A; « =
A. spec. B; u =
A. spec. D.
Habitat & Ecology Montane rain forest or broken forest, on lower slopes, ridges, or hillsides. Soil: sandstone. Altitude: 13001570 m. Flowering: June.
Note This entity closely resembles A. vagans, but differs in the more interrupted staminate inflorescences (like the less hairy lowland form of A. vagans) and the sunken nervation of the leaves. Perhaps a variety of A. vagans?
Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 238, map 10.12. Specimens: Larsen & Larsen 33022 (AAU, K, L), Peninsular Thailand, Narathiwat, Sungai Kolok, Nikom Waeng; KEP-FRI (Kochummen) 18380 (K, L, SING), Peninsular Malaysia, 54th mile Gap Road; KEP-FRI (Loh) 19189 (K, L), Peninsular Malaysia, NW Pahang, Cameron Highlands, path Boh Tea-Kampuong Mensums; KL (Teo & P.) 3401 (K, L), Peninsular Malaysia, Selangor, Ulu Gombak, 35 km Juanda Baiks.
Tree, up to 20 m high, up to 30 cm diameter. Bark dark grey to pale brown, smooth; inner bark cream. Wood cream. Young branches glabrous. Stipules not seen, early caducous. Petiole terete, often adaxially lowly grooved, 923 by 0.81.5 mm, glabrous, lower pulvinus 1.53 by 1.21.9 mm, upper pulvinus 36 by 1.22 mm, both distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 1120 by 3.57.5 cm; base rounded to cuneate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to subentire, marginal glands few, small, indistinct; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thin, lowly granular above and beneath, dull, not brittle, sometimes slightly shiny, drying greyish green above and beneath, nervation lighter, completely glabrous; dots absent; disc-like glands seldom few along the margin. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent above, prominent beneath; nerves 812 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 1.52.5 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, densely reticulate, slightly prominent to flat above, slightly prominent beneath. Inflorescences born just below the leaves or on the branches. Staminate inflorescences clustered 14 together, 716 by 1.21.8 mm, subglabrous; peduncle 13 by 0.50.8 mm; bracts broadly triangular, inconspicuous, 0.30.5 mm long, glabrous, margin ciliate; glomerules ellipsoid, 1.52 by c. 0.5 mm, consisting of 710 densely set flowers, spaced at 0.51 mm at base of rachis, decreasing to 0 mm at apex; pedicel absent. Staminate flowers 0.50.9 mm long; sepals 3 or 4, obovate, 0.50.7 mm long, connate at base, fleshy, glabrous, apex ciliate; stamens 2, slightly exserted, 0.60.9 mm long; anthers 0.10.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode minute, lumpy, resembling undeveloped stamen. Pistillate inflorescences not seen, induced from infructescence to be single, subglabrous; flowers single at apical end of rachis; bracts in fruit broadly triangular, 0.50.8 mm long, glabrous; bracteoles not seen; pedicel present, subglabrous. Pistillate flowers not seen; sepals in fruit 4 or 5, ovate, 0.71 mm long, fleshy, glabrous; ovary probably ellipsoid, 3-locular, smooth, glabrous; stigmas in fruit sessile, broad, flattened on top of the ovary, apically bifid to near base, straight, 11.5 mm long, ribbed and laxly papillate above, glabrous, connate to the ovary beneath. Infructescences 913 by 11.5 mm, glabrous; fruiting pedicel 37 mm long, glabrous. Fruits ovoid to subglobose, not stiped, not beaked, 1416 by 1116 mm, irregularly punctate, young slightly ridged on the sutures, glabrous; pericarp 12 mm thick, fleshy; septae and column glabrous. Seeds 2 or 3, half-terete, ovoid, 6.59.5 by 5.56.5 by c. 3 mm.
Section Aporosa.
Distribution Malesia: Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia.
l = A. whitmorei;
« = A.
spec. E
Habitat & Ecology Evergreen forest, on hillsides. Altitude: 300400 m. Flowering: March; fruiting: July, September and October.
Note Four collections seen, three in fruit (KEP-FRI 18380 & 19189; KLU 3401) and one with staminate inflorescences (Larsen & Larsen 33022). The leaves are reminiscent of a glabrous A. frutescens, but the fruits are like those of A. sarawakensis, and the staminate inflorescences fit somewhere between A. frutescens and A. stellifera. Perhaps young specimens of this latter species?
Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 354, map 10.67. Aporosa spec. nov.: Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 60. Specimens: SF (Corner) 29425 (L), Malaysia, 13.5 miles Mawai Jemaluang Road; SF (Kiah) 31999 (L), Malaysia, Sungai Kayu; KL (Teo & P.) 3348 (K, L) Malaysia, Johore, Mersing, Compt. 129 Hutan Simpanan, Lenggor.
Small tree, up to 3 m high, up to 2 cm diameter. Bark pale. Young branches tomentose. Stipules narrowly ovate, slightly oblique, 914 by 2.56 mm, sparsely tomentose, present in young stages. Petiole terete, smooth, 612 by 1.52.5 mm, tomentose, lower pulvinus 12 by 1.52 mm, indistinct, upper pulvinus 2.55 by 23 mm, distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly obovate, 924 by 48.5 cm; base emarginate to subcordate, basal glands absent; margin subentire to lowly undulate, marginal glands few, small, distinct; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thinnish, smooth, dull to slightly shiny, not brittle, drying greenish or brownish above, brownish beneath, only midrib tomentose above, sparsely tomentose beneath, midrib and nerves tomentose; dots laxly set, fine, grey, fading; disc-like glands occasionally present, few, minute, along the margin. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to raised in a furrow above, prominent beneath; nerves 1215 pairs, flat to slightly sunken above, prominent beneath, marginal arches distinct, 14 mm from the margin; tertiary veins and venation distinct, densely reticulate, slightly scalariform, slightly prominent to flat above, (slightly) prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 1122 by 1.52 mm, tomentose; peduncle 14 by 0.81 mm; bracts broadly triangular, 0.50.8 mm long, inconspicuous, puberulous outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; glomerules ellipsoid, 22.5 by 11.5 mm, consisting of densely set flowers, spaced at 12 mm at base, decreasing to 0 mm at apex; pedicel minute. Staminate flowers 0.70.9 mm long; sepals 4, (narrowly) obovate, 0.50.9 mm long, connate at base, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; stamens 2, slightly exserted, 0.60.8 mm long; anthers c. 0.2 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode minute, lumpy. Pistillate inflorescences single, 414 by 1.21.8 mm, densely tomentose; flowers up to 9, mostly densely set at apical end of the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 0.81 mm long, sparsely tomentose outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles ovate, 0.50.7 mm long, sparsely tomentose outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; pedicel absent. Pistillate flowers 33.5 mm long; sepals 4, ovate, patent, 11.5 mm long, thin, sparsely tomentose outside, glabrous inside, margin ciliate; ovary ellipsoid, 2.53 mm long, 2-locular, smooth, tomentose; stigmas sessile, elongated, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, straight, almost completely divided, 0.81.2 mm long, longitudinally ribbed and papillate above, glabrous, smooth beneath, sparsely tomentose, style remnant absent. Infructescences, fruits, and seeds unknown; column and septae in flower glabrous; pericarp thickish.
Section Sundanenses.
Distribution Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia: Johore.
l = A. selangorica;
« = A. spec. F
Habitat & Ecology Forest, on swampy ground. Altitude: low. Flowering: May.
Note This species closely resembles A. subcaudata and A. selangorica. The staminate specimen KL 3348 has dried a greener shade than the other collections. The leaves are also smaller and less bullate.
Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 355, map 10.70. Specimens: PNH (Sulit) 10029 (staminate) (A, BM, L), Philippines, Mindanao, Bukidnon Prov., Mt Katanglad; PNH (Sulit) 9899 (pistillate) (A, L), idem.
Young branches sparsely tomentose. Stipules not seen, early caducous. Petiole half-terete, 917 by 1.52.5 mm, sparsely tomentose, glabrescent, lower pulvinus 12 by 2 mm, indistinct, upper pulvinus 35 by 23 mm, distinct. Leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 1120 by 4.59 cm; base obtuse to slightly attenuate, basal glands absent; margin lowly undulate to lowly glandular-crenate, recurved, marginal glands regular, in margin, distinct, brownish to black; apex acuminate to cuspidate; blade thick, smooth, dull, not brittle, drying grey-greenish to brownish above and beneath, only midrib sparsely hirsute above, glabrescent, midrib and nerves sparsely hirsute beneath, glabrescent; dots irregularly, rather laxly set, fine, greyish, fading in older leaves; disc-like glands absent. Nervation: midrib slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath; nerves 69 pairs, slightly prominent to flat above, prominent beneath, marginal arches fading, 1.53.5 mm from margin; tertiary veins and venation rather distinct, lax, slightly scalariform, flat above, slightly prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or just below the leaves. Staminate inflorescences single, 3664 by 23.5 mm, sparsely tomentose; peduncle 0.52 by 0.81.1 mm; bracts broadly triangular, 1.82 mm long, inconspicuous, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; glomerules consisting of 1215 laxly set flowers, globose, 2.53.5 by 2.53.5 mm, spaced at 0.53 mm at base of rachis, decreasing to 0 at apex; pedicel 0.51 mm long. Staminate flowers 1.82.5 mm long; sepals 3 or 4, ovate, 11.4 mm long, connate at base only, sparsely puberulous outside, glabrous inside; stamens 3 or 4, exserted, 1.82.7 mm long; anthers 0.50.6 mm long, connective glabrous; pistillode cylindric, 0.30.6 mm long. Pistillate inflorescences 13 clustered together, 2458 by 11.5 mm, sparsely tomentose; flowers up to 21, rather densely arranged along the rachis; bracts broadly triangular, 1.82 mm long, at base very sparsely hairy outside and inside; bracteoles ovate, 0.81.2 mm long, sparsely hairy outside, glabrous inside; pedicel 23.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers 13 per bract, 56.5 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, patent, 0.71 mm long, subequal, sparsely hairy outside, hairy at base only inside, ciliate; petal-like organs occasionally present, 0.40.6 mm long, sparsely hairy; ovary ellipsoid, 2.53.5 mm long, 3-locular, sparsely hairy at base, glabrescent towards apex; stigmas raised, elongated, completely divided, perpendicular to the sides of the ovary, straight, 2.53 mm long, ribbed and lowly papillate above, glabrous, ribbed beneath, glabrous, style remnant absent. Infructescences, fruits, and seeds unknown; septae and column in flower glabrous.
Section Sundanenses.
Distribution Malesia: Philippines.
Note A strange species: the thick leaves are reminiscent of A. caloneura and A. sphaeridiophora, but the sometimes higher number of up to 3 clustered pistillate flowers in one bract and the relatively distinct petal-like organs and relatively large pistilloid are almost not Aporosa-like.
Aporosa wallichii Hook.f. var. russellii Chakrab. & M.Gangop., J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 17 (1993) 190; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 257. Type: P.T. Russell 1929 (holo CAL; iso CAL), Myanmar, Tavoy, Heinze No. 1 camp, 1700 ft, 2 April 1921.
The type specimen contains fragments of fruits without infructescences; solely on base of the characteristic and distinct scalariform venation of the leaf I can say nothing about which species and genus it might belong to; it is certainly not A. wallichii.
Aporosa aberrans Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 70 (1923) 232. = Antidesma sp.; Schot, Blumea 40 (1995) 450.
Aporosa griffithii Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 353. = Antidesma coriaceum Tul.; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 233.
Aporosa incisa Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 25 (1971) 477. = Prunus arborea (Blume) Kalkman var. montana (Hook.f.) Kalkman; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 29 (1974) 287.
Aporosa ineaqualis Pax & K. Hoffm., in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xv (1922) 104. = ?Drypetes roxburgii (Wall.) Hurosawa; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8 (1980) 31.
Aporosa minahassae Koord., Meded. Lands Plantentuin 14 (1898) 580, 625. = Shorea assamica Dyer var. koordersii (Brand) Symington.
