1a.

Indumentum consisting of simple hairs only (Fig. 2a, or plants glabrous, best visible on lower surface of leaves, if possible, use dissecting microscope or strong hand lens); leaf midribs glabrous to glabrescent above, never densely hairy.

2

1b.

Indumentum consisting of stellate hair tufts and simple hairs (Fig. 2a, b). Leaf midribs glabrous to densely hairy above.

49

2a.

Leaves glabrous below.

3

2b.

Leaves subglabrous to densely hairy below.

11

3a.

Leaves in dense terminal tufts (Fig. 1b); pairs of secondary veins 4–10.

4

3b.

Leaves in open terminal tufts (Fig. 1c); pairs of secondary veins 5–16.

8

4a.

Lower leaf surfaces often without discoid glands, if present scattered. Petioles usually without transverse cracks when dry. Fruits glabrous to subglabrous outside and inside.

5

4b.

Lower leaf surfaces with discoid glands in a row parallel to midrib, or in a row between secondary veins. Petioles usually with transverse cracks when dry. Fruits densely hairy outside and inside. — Sunda Shelf.

16. B. minor

5a.

Stipules ciliate. Trees usually less than 15 m high. Leaves obovate. Staminate flowers scattered along rachis (Fig. 4b, c). Pistillate pedicels straight. Fruits with glabrous septa.

6

5b.

Stipules slightly ciliate. Trees usually more than 15 m high. Leaves ovate. Staminate flowers clustered at the tip of the rachis (Fig. 4a). Pistillate pedicels geniculate (90º bent). Fruits with subglabrous septa. — Sunda Shelf.

35. B. sumatrana

6a.

Inflorescences (or their scars) axillary to just below the leaves to rarely along the branches, solitary to few clustered together. Staminate flowers white, yellow or green. Ovaries 2-locular. Fruits globose.

7

6b.

Inflorescences (or their scars) cauline, many clustered together. Staminate flowers red. Ovaries usually 3-locular. Fruits fusiform. — Sunda Shelf .

24. B. parviflora

7a.

Branchlets not thickened at the tip. Leaves not whitish when dry. Sepals glabrous to subglabrous outside. Pistillate inflorescences usually glabrous. Infructescences 1–5 cm long. Fruits yellow to orange. — Sunda Shelf.

10. B. javanica

7b.

Branchlets sometimes thickened at the tip. Leaves sometimes whitish when dry. Sepals sparsely to densely hairy outside. Pistillate inflorescences sparsely to densely hairy. Infructescences 3–28 cm long. Fruits red to pink. — Sunda Shelf.

36. B. tetrandra

8a.

Leaves papery to subleathery, usually (greyish to reddish) brown when dry (B. lanceolata green-brown); nervation clearly visible. Fruits globose.

9

8b.

Leaves thick leathery, usually green when dry; nervation hardly visible. Fruits star-shaped in cross section. — Sunda Shelf.

1. B. angulata

9a.

Leaves brown to grey to reddish when dry. Staminate inflorescences axillary to rarely cauline, solitary to few clustered together, subglabrous to densely hairy. Sepals densely hairy outside. Infructescences 3.5–13 cm. Fruits 21–35 mm long.

10

9b.

Leaves grey-green to brown-green when dry. Staminate inflorescences cauline, many clustered together, glabrous to subglabrous. Sepals usually glabrous outside. Infructescences 8.5–30(–50) cm. Fruits 24–60 mm long. — Sunda Shelf.

11. B. lanceolata

10a.

Pairs of secondary veins 10–15. Filaments c. 0.3 mm long. Pistillate inflorescences cauline. Fruits densely hairy. — New Guinea.

4. B. carinata

10b.

Pairs of secondary veins 5–12. Filaments 0.4–0.7 mm long. Pistillate inflorescences usually along the branches to axillary. Fruits glabrous to subglabrous. — Sunda Shelf, Sumatra, Java.

8. B. dulcis

11a.

Branchlets, petioles and lower surface leaves densely hairy.

12

11b.

Branchlets, petioles and lower surface leaves glabrous to sparsely hairy.

16

12a.

Leaves 13.5–37 cm long; pairs of secondary veins 8–17.

13

12b.

Leaves 5–14.5 cm long; pairs of secondary veins 5–8.

23. B. papuana

13a.

Stipules 8–16 mm long.

14

13b.

Stipules 3–6.5 mm long.

15

14a.

Trees 3–10 m high. Leaf bases cuneate to rounded. Ovaries 2- or 3-locular. Fruits 14–20 by 10–18.5 mm; pedicels 1–5 mm long. — Sunda Shelf. 

3. B. brevipes

14b.

Trees 13–20 m high. Leaf bases usually narrowly cordate, rarely rounded. Ovaries 3-locular. Fruits 22–45 by 15–25 mm; pedicels 4–10 mm long. — Sunda Shelf.

18. B. motleyana

15a.

Leaf bases usually narrowly heart-shaped, rarely rounded. — Sunda Shelf.

18. B. motleyana

15b.

Leaf bases cuneate to attenuate. — New Guinea

23. B. papuana

16a.

Leaves in open terminal tufts (Terminalia branching pattern weakly devel­oped, Fig. 1c).

17

16b.

Leaves in dense terminal tufts (Terminalia branching pattern well-developed, Fig. 1b).

29

17a.

Leaves papery, brown to green when dry. Fruits globose.

18

17b.

Leaves leathery, yellowish green when dry. Fruits star-shaped in cross section. — Sunda Shelf.

1. B. angulata

18a.

Stipules 8–16 mm long.

19

18b.

Stipules 2.5–8 mm long.

22

19a.

Leaves brown to grey when dry. Trunk not gnarled. Wood white to cream. Petioles 11–65 mm long. Staminate flowers 1–2.2 mm diam., pedicel 0.2–1 mm long. Fruits 10–18.5 mm diam.

20

19b.

Leaves green when dry. Trunk gnarled. Wood yellow to ochre to brown. Petioles 16–184 mm long. Staminate flowers 2–7 mm diam., pedicel 1.8–7 mm long. Fruits (16.5–)24–60 mm diam. — Sunda Shelf.

11. B. lanceolata

20a.

Petioles only apically pulvinate. Leaves 15–35 cm long; pairs of secondary veins 10–15. Staminate inflorescences solitary or in clusters of up to 8, densely hairy; flowers yellow (green). Fruits indehiscent.

21

20b.

Petioles basally and apically pulvinate. Leaves 7.4–17.4 cm long; pairs of second­ary veins 6–11. Staminate inflorescences many clustered together, subglabrous to sparsely hairy; flowers pink. Fruits loculicidally dehiscent.

28. B. purpurea

21a.

Lower leaf surfaces sparsely to densely hairy along nervation. Stamens 5. Fruiting pedicels above abscission zone 0.1–1 mm long. — Sunda Shelf. 

3. B. brevipes

21b.

Lower leaf surfaces glabrous to subglabrous along nervation. Stamens 6–9. Fruiting pedicels above abscission zone 1.5–3.5 mm long.

4. B. carinata

22a.

Petioles basally not to slightly pulvinate. Staminate flowers white, yellow, orange or pink.

23

22b.

Petioles basally strongly pulvinate. Staminate flowers (purplish) pink.

28. B. purpurea

23a.

Lower leaf surfaces with discoid glands; leaf apex 0–5 mm long; pairs of second­ary veins 4–9. Stipules 2.5–6 mm long.

24

23b.

Lower leaf surfaces without discoid glands; leaf apex 0–20 mm long; pairs of secondary veins 5–15. Stipules 3–11.5 mm long.

25

24a.

Pistillate inflorescences along the branches to axillary. Fruits 9.5–20 mm diam. Staminate inflorescence branchlets 1.5–4.5 mm long (Fig. 4c).

21. B. nesophila

24b.

Pistillate inflorescences cauline. Fruits 24–40 mm diam. Staminate inflorescence branchlets 0–0.4 mm long (Fig. 4c).

23. B. papuana

25a.

Pairs of secondary veins 6–15. Young shoots brown to grey to green when dry. Stipules longer than 3 mm, densely hairy along midrib outside, but glabrous to subglabrous on the blade. Pistillate inflorescences cauline. Fruits 12–60 mm diam.

26

25b.

Pairs of secondary veins 5–7. Young shoots blackish when dry. Stipules shorter than 3 mm, densely hairy all over outside. Pistillate inflorescences axillary. Fruits c. 10 mm diam. 

15. B. microcarpa

26a.

Petioles glabrous. Lower leaf surfaces with glabrous nervation. Staminate inflorescences many clustered together. Pistillate sepals glabrous to subglabrous.

27

26b.

Petioles subglabrous to densely hairy. Lower leaf surfaces with subglabrous to sparsely hairy nervation. Staminate inflorescences solitary in clusters of up to 10. Pistillate sepals densely hairy.

28

27a.

Leaves grey to brown when dry. Petioles 21–59 mm long. Staminate inflores­cences cauline to axillary, densely hairy; flowers 1.5–1.8 mm diam. Fruits densely hairy.  

4. B. carinata

27b.

Leaves green when dry. Petioles 16–184 mm long. Staminate inflorescences cauline, glabrous to sparsely hairy; flowers 2–7 mm diam. Fruits glabrous. — Sunda Shelf.

11. B. lanceolata

28a.

Stipules 3–6.5 mm long. Staminate flowers 1.8–3.5 mm diam.; reduced petals absent. Fruits 24–40 mm diam.; pedicels 5–8(–23) mm long.

23. B. papuana

28b.

Stipules 5–11.5 mm long. Staminate flowers 1.5–1.8 mm diam.; reduced petals present. Fruits c. 12 mm diam.; pedicels 3–5 mm long.

4. B. carinata

29a.

Inflorescences or their scars cauline and/or along the branches (if only along the branches, both leads are correct).

30

29b.

Inflorescences or their scars along the branches and/or axillary.

38

30a.

Petioles only pulvinate apically.

31

30b.

Petioles pulvinate basally and apically.

28. B. purpurea

31a.

Pairs of secondary veins 3–10. Staminate flowers without staminodes. Pistillate rachis red; sepals 4 or 5. — Southeast Asian mainland, Malesia except New Guinea.

32

31b.

Pairs of secondary veins 7–15. Staminate flowers with staminodes. Pistillate rachis yellow; sepals 5–9. — New Guinea.

23. B. papuana

32a.

Inflorescences (or their scars) cauline and/or along the branches.

33

32b.

Inflorescences (or their scars) cauline, but only along the base of the trunk, up to c. 1.5 m high. — Sunda Shelf.

24. B. parviflora

33a.

Plants with staminate inflorescences.

34

33b.

Plants with pistillate inflorescences or fruits.

36

34a.

Bracts glabrous at the base inside, 0.2–1.1 mm long.

35

34b.

Bracts densely hairy at the base inside, (1.5–)3–4.5 mm long. — Sunda Shelf.

31. B. ramiflora

35a.

Inflorescences in clusters of many; not branched (Fig. 4a, b); bracts only along the rachis; filaments c. 0.8 mm long. — Sunda Shelf.

22. B. odoratissima

35b.

Inflorescences solitary or in clusters of up to 10; branched (Fig. 4c); bracts along the rachis and on the branchlets; filaments 0.4–0.6 mm long. — Sunda Shelf.

30. B. racemosa

36a.

Fruits 14–35 mm diam., loculicidally dehiscing or indehiscent.

37

36b.

Fruits 6–13.5 mm diam., irregularly dehiscing when dry. — Sunda Shelf.

22. B. odoratissima

37a.

Fruits loculicidally dehiscent, often only partly so. Pedicels above abscission zone 1.9(–2.5) mm long. — Sunda Shelf.

30. B. racemosa

37b.

Fruits indehiscent. Pedicels above abscission zone 0.1–1 mm long. — Sunda Shelf.

31. B. ramiflora

38a.

Branchlets solid. Stipules usually densely hairy along midrib on the outside, 2.5–6.5(–11) mm long.

39

38b.

Branchlets hollow. Stipules usually glabrous along midrib on the outside, 6–15 mm long. — Sunda Shelf.

8. B. dulcis

39a.

Leaves papery, dull, brown to green to whitish when dry.       

40

39b.

Leaves leathery, slightly glossy, grey-brown to green when dry. — Sunda Shelf.

33. B. sarawakensis

40a.

Leaves lower surface with discoid glands.

41

40b.

Leaves lower surface without discoid glands.

43

41a.

Pairs of secondary veins 4–10. Staminate flowers without staminodes. Pistillate flowers 3–9.2 mm diam.; sepals 4 or 5

42

41b.

Pairs of secondary veins 7–15. Staminate flowers with staminodes. Pistillate flowers 4–18 mm diam.; sepals 5–9.

23. B. papuana

42a.

Leaf apex (retuse to) obtuse to slightly acuminate, 0–3 mm long. Lower leaf surfaces with many discoid glands. Seed arillodes red to orange; pedicels 2.1–3.6 mm long, inflorescences unknown. — Louisiade Archipelago.

21. B. nesophila

42b.

Leaf apex (obtuse to) acuminate to cuspidate, 0–25 mm long. Lower leaf surfaces with few discoid glands. Seed arillodes blue or yellow; pedicels 3–9 mm long. — W Malesia.

30. B. racemosa

43a.

Leaves above glabrous along midrib; pairs of secondary veins 4–10. Staminate pedicels 0.4–3 mm long. Pistillate sepals 4–6, 1.5–6 mm long. Arillode blue or white or (in S India) yellow.

44

43b.

Leaves above glabrous to densely hairy along midrib; pairs of secondary veins 7–15. Staminate pedicels 1.2–4.2 mm long. Pistillate sepals 5–9, 3–11 mm long. Arillode yellow. — Sunda Shelf, New Guinea.

23. B. papuana

44a.

Plants with staminate inflorescences.

45

44b.

Plants with pistillate inflorescences or fruits.

47

45a.

Bracts glabrous at base inside, 0.2–1.3 mm long.

46

45b.

Bracts densely hairy at base inside, (1.5–)3–4.5 mm long. — Sunda Shelf.

31. B. ramiflora

46a.

Inflorescences cauline to just below the leaves; stamens 5–7, 0.5–0.8 mm long; staminodes absent. — Sunda Shelf.

30. B. racemosa

46b.

Inflorescences just below the leaves to axillary; stamens (3 or) 4 or 5, 0.6–1.4 mm long; staminodes often present. — Sunda Shelf.

36. B. tetrandra

47a.

Inflorescences cauline to axillary. Ovaries (2- or) 3- or 4-locular. Fruits 16–35 mm diam.

48

47b.

Inflorescences along the branches to usually axillary. Ovaries 2-locular. Fruits 6.5–15 mm diam. — Sunda Shelf.

36. B. tetrandra

48a.

Fruits loculicidally dehiscent, often only partly so. Pedicels above abscission zone 1.9(–2.5) mm long. — Sunda Shelf.

30. B. racemosa

48b.

Fruits indehiscent. Pedicels above abscission zone 0.1–1 mm long. — Sunda Shelf.

31. B. ramiflora

49a.

Upper leaf surfaces with densely hairy midrib.

50

49b.

Upper leaf surfaces with glabrous to sparsely hairy midrib.

52

50a.

Fruits subglabrous to densely hairy inside. Staminate inflorescences axillary to rarely along the branches; pedicels 1–1.7 mm long; staminodes absent. Pistillate flowers 2.5–7 mm diam.; sepals 4 or 5. — W Malesia.

51

50b.

Fruits glabrous inside. Staminate inflorescences axillary to cauline; pedicels 1.2–4.2 mm long; staminodes present. Pistillate flowers 4–18 mm diam.; sepals 5–9. — New Guinea.

23. B. papuana

51a.

Branchlets glabrous. Leaf bases rounded to cuneate; nervation reticulate. Stami­nate inflorescences branched (Fig. 4c), flowers scattered along inflorescences (Fig. 4b, c). Pistillate inflorescences cauline to sometimes along the branches; ovaries 2-locular. Fruits 23–60 mm diam., indehiscent. — Sunda Shelf.

9. B. edulis

51b.

Branchlets densely hairy. Leaf bases usually cordate to rounded; nervation scalari­form. Staminate inflorescences not branched (Fig. 4a, b); flowers in tip of inflorescences (Fig. 4a). Pistillate inflorescences axillary to along the branches; ovaries 3-locular. Fruits 12–26 mm diam., loculicidally dehiscent. — Sunda Shelf.

26. B. polyneura

52a.

Stipules caducous, 3–11.5 mm long. Petioles glabrous to densely hairy.

53

52b.

Stipules late caducous or persistent, 10.5–17 mm long. Petioles densely hairy. — Sunda Shelf.

17. B. mollis

53a.

Lower leaf surfaces without black dots (at base of hairs).

54

53b.

Lower leaf surfaces with black dots (at base of hairs), dots only c. 0.1 mm diam. but visible with the naked eye. — Sunda Shelf.

2. B. bracteata

54a.

Pairs of secondary veins 9–13.

55

54b.

Pairs of secondary veins 3–8.

70

55a.

Twigs densely hairy.

56

55b.

Twigs glabrous to sparsely hairy.

59

56a.

Leaves ovate to elliptic (if elliptic, both leads are correct).

57

56b.

Leaves obovate to elliptic.

58

57a.

Stipules 3–7.5 mm long. Leaves green to brown when dry; bases cordate to attenuate; nervation scalariform (Fig. 3b). Staminate inflorescences not branched (Fig. 4a, b); flowers usually at tip of inflorescences (Fig. 4a). Fruits 13–22 mm diam. — Sunda Shelf.

14. B. maingayi

57b.

Stipules 5.5–11 mm long. Leaves brown when dry; bases rounded to attenuate; nervation reticulate to weakly scalariform (Fig. 3a, b). Staminate inflorescences branched (Fig. 4c); flowers scattered along inflorescences (Fig. 4b, c). Fruits 29–40 mm diam. — Sunda Shelf.

27. B. pubera

58a.

Petioles 34–130 mm long. Blades 13–36 cm long; hair tufts on the margins inconspicuous. Staminate inflorescences with bracts 1.5–4 mm long; staminodes absent. Pistillate inflorescences cauline to along the branches. Fruits 29–40 cm diam. — Sunda Shelf.

27. B. pubera

58b.

Petioles 14–72 mm long. Blades 6.8–18.6 cm long; hair tufts on the margins striking. Staminate inflorescences with bracts 0.3–1.5 mm long; staminodes present. Pistillate inflorescences along the branches to rarely axillary. Fruits 14–22 cm diam. — Sunda Shelf.

29. B. pyriformis

59a.

Lower leaf surfaces without hair tufts in axils of the secondary veins.

60

59b.

Lower leaf surfaces with hair tufts in axils of the secondary veins. — Sunda Shelf.

7. B. dolichobotrys

60a.

Plants with staminate inflorescences.     

61

60b.

Plants with pistillate inflorescences.

65

61a.

Flowers scattered along inflorescences rachis (Fig. 4b, c).

62

61b.

Flowers at the tip of inflorescences (Fig. 4a).

64

62a.

Lateral branches of inflorescences 3–many-flowered; pedicels 1–2 mm long. Leaf nervation (weakly) scalariform.

63

62b.

Lateral branches of inflorescences 3-flowered; pedicels absent. Leaf nervation reticulate to weakly scalariform. — Sunda Shelf.

6. B. deflexa

63a.

Petioles 10–145 mm long. Inflorescence branchlets 1–2 mm long; stamens 0.1–0.25 mm long. — Sunda Shelf.

12. B. macrocarpa

63b.

Petioles 16–64 mm long. Inflorescence branchlets 2–35 mm long; stamens 0.3–0.6 mm long. — Sunda Shelf.

20. B. nanihua

64a.

Blades 9.6–33 cm long. Inflorescences 2.5–9 mm long; sepals 4 or 5; stamens 4 or 5, 0.2–0.7 mm long; staminodes usually present. — Sunda Shelf.

13. B. macrophylla

64b.

Blades 7–16.5 cm long. Inflorescences 1–3 mm long; sepals (5) or 6; stamens 6, 0.9–1 mm long; staminodes absent. — Sunda Shelf.

37. B. trigonocarpa

65a.

Inflorescences cauline to along the branches (if along the branches, both leads are correct).

66

65b.

Inflorescences axillary to along the branches.

68

66a.

Pedicels 2–7.5 mm long. Flowers 2–4.5 mm diam. Fruits globose when dry, usually indehiscent.  

67

66b.

Pedicels 1–1.5 mm long. Flowers 1–2 mm diam. Fruits angular when dry, loculi­cidally dehiscent. — Sunda Shelf.

37. B. trigonocarpa

67a.

Stipules triangular. Stigmas 2-lobed. Fruits 35–73 mm diam., yellow to brown. — Sunda Shelf.

12. B. macrocarpa

67b.

Stipules triangular to foliaceous. Stigmas not cleft into 2 lobes. Fruits 9–15 mm diam., usually green. — Sunda Shelf.

13. B. macrophylla

68a.

Ovaries 3- or 4-locular.

69

68b.

Ovaries 2-locular. — Sunda Shelf.

6. B. deflexa

69a.

Pedicels c. 4.5 mm long. Flowers 3–7 mm diam. Fruits 25–29 mm diam. — Sunda Shelf.

20. B. nanihua

69b.

Pedicels 1–1.5 mm long. Flowers 1–2 mm diam. Fruits 9–15 mm diam. — Sunda Shelf.

37. B. trigonocarpa

70a.

Leaves ovate to elliptic (if elliptic, both leads are correct).

71

70b.

Leaves obovate to elliptic.

81

71a.

Twigs densely hairy.

72

71b.

Twigs glabrous to subglabrous.

75

72a.

Leaf nervation reticulate to weakly scalariform (Fig. 3a, b). Staminate inflorescences branched (Fig. 4c); flowers scattered along inflorescences (Fig. 4b, c). Fruits 25–40 mm diameter.

73

72b.

Leaf nervation (weakly) scalariform (Fig. 3b). Staminate inflorescences not branched (Fig. 4a, b); flowers at the tip of inflorescences (Fig. 4a). Fruits 6–22 mm diameter.

74

73a.

Stipules 5.5–11 mm long. Leaves 13–36 cm long; pairs of secondary veins (5–)8–13. Staminate bracts persistent, 1.5–4 mm long; flowers 1.3–2.5 mm diam. Pistillate inflorescences cauline to along the branches. Fruiting pedicels 11–14 mm long. — Sunda Shelf.

27. B. pubera

73b.

Stipules 3–7 mm long. Leaves 5–19.5 cm long; pairs of secondary veins 5–7. Staminate bracts caducous, 4–7 mm long; flowers 1.8–4 mm diam. Pistillate inflorescences axillary. Fruiting pedicels 4–5 mm long. — Sunda Shelf.

38. B. velutina

74a.

Pistillate inflorescences along the branches to axillary; ovaries 2-locular. Fruits 6–15 mm diam. Petioles 17–50 mm long. Leaf bases acute to attenuate. — Sunda Shelf. 

6. B. deflexa

74b.

Pistillate inflorescences along the branches; ovaries 3-locular. Fruits 14–22 mm diam. Petioles 13–120 mm long. Leaf bases cordate to attenuate. — Sunda Shelf.

14. B. maingayi

75a.

Staminate inflorescences branched (Fig. 4c). Pistillate pedicels straight; stigmas usually 2-lobed. Fruits yellow, red, brown or bluish.

76

75b.

Staminate inflorescences not branched (Fig. 4a, b). Pistillate pedicels geniculate (90º bent); stigmas not 2-lobed. Fruits usually green, rarely whitish, brownish, purplish or yellowish. — Sunda Shelf.

13. B. macrophylla

76a.

Leaf nervation reticulate to weakly scalariform (Fig. 3a, b). Staminate bracteoles present; branchlets 3–20-flowered; flowers pedicellate. Ovaries usually 3-locular; styles 0.5–1.5 mm long. Fruits 15–75 mm diameter.

77

76b.

Leaf nervation (weakly) scalariform (Fig. 3b). Staminate bracteoles absent; branchlets 3-flowered; flowers sessile. Ovaries 2-locular; styles absent. Fruits 8–15 mm diameter. — Sunda Shelf.

6. B. deflexa

77a.

Petioles 12–75 mm long. Lower leaf surfaces usually with scattered discoid glands. Pistillate inflorescences axillary to along the branches, 1–10-flowered. Fruits 15–38 mm diam. (up to 50 mm when fresh).

78

77b.

Petioles 10–145 mm long. Lower leaf surfaces with discoid glands in rows be­tween 2 secondary veins. Pistillate inflorescences along the branches to cauline, 8–many-flowered. Fruits 35–75 mm diam. — Sunda Shelf.

12. B. macrocarpa

78a.

Staminate bracts small, not covering lateral axis. Pistillate flowers 3–7 mm diam. — Philippines, Borneo, Sulawesi, Moluccas, and New Guinea.

79

78b.

Staminate bracts big, covering lateral axis. Pistillate flowers 8–14 mm diam. — Simeuluë Island, Sunda Shelf.

34. B. simaloerensis

79a.

Fruits loculicidally dehiscent, densely hairy inside; seeds 7–11.5 mm long. Staminate inflorescence branchlets 1.3–35 mm long, 3–many-flowered.

80

79b.

Fruits indehiscent, sparsely hairy inside; seeds 12–19 mm long. Staminate inflorescence branchlets 1.5–3 mm long, 3–6-flowered. — Sunda Shelf.

5. B. costulata

80a.

Pairs of secondary veins 6–10. Staminate bracteoles 0 or 1 per branchlet; flowers white to pale yellow; sepals 4–6. Fruits 25–29 mm diam.; column 11–14 mm long. — Sunda Shelf.

20. B. nanihua

80b.

Pairs of secondary veins 4–7. Staminate bracteoles 7–12 per branchlet; flowers brownish; sepals 3 or 4. Fruits 26–38 mm diam.; column 16–23 mm long. — Sunda Shelf.

25. B. philippinensis

81a.

Twigs densely hairy.

82

81b.

Twigs glabrous to subglabrous.

84

82a.

Petioles 14–80 mm long. Leaves 5–20 cm long; pairs of secondary veins 5–9. Staminate bracts densely hairy inside; staminodes absent. Pistillate inflorescences axillary to along the branches. Fruits 14–31 mm diam.; column 13–19 mm long; pedicels 3–9 mm long.

83

82b.

Petioles 34–130 mm long. Leaves 13–36 cm long; pairs of secondary veins (5–)8–13. Staminate bracts glabrous to subglabrous inside; staminodes present. Pistillate inflorescences cauline to along the branches. Fruits 29–40 mm diam.; column 19–24 mm long; pedicels 11–14 mm long. — Sunda Shelf.

27. B. pubera

83a.

Leaves with raised glands; hair tufts on the margins striking. Staminate bracts caducous; bracteoles 0 or 1; flowers 1–2 mm diam. Pistillate flowers 2.5–3.5 diam. Fruits 14–22 mm diam. — Sunda Shelf.

29. B. pyriformis

83b.

Leaves without raised glands; hair tufts on the margins inconspicuous. Staminate bracts persistent; bracteoles 4–8; flowers 2.5–5 mm diam. Pistillate flowers 5–10 mm diam. Fruits 25–31 mm diam. — Sunda Shelf.

38. B. velutina

84a.

Leaves densely hairy below.

85

84b.

Leaves glabrous to subglabrous below.

88

85a.

Leaf nervation (weakly) scalariform (Fig. 3b).

86

85b.

Leaf nervation reticulate to weakly scalariform (Fig. 3a, b).

87

86a.

Leaves brown to grey when dry. Staminate inflorescence branchlets 3-flowered; pedicels absent. Ovaries 2-locular. Fruits 6–15 mm diam. — Sunda Shelf.

6. B. deflexa

86b.

Leaves green to yellow to whitish brown when dry. Staminate inflorescence branchlets (3–)9–15 flowered; pedicels 0.6–1.5 mm long. Ovaries 3- or 4-locular. Fruits 29–51 mm diam. — Sunda Shelf.

32. B. reticulata

87a.

Stipules 2.5–5.5 mm long, ciliate. Lower leaf surfaces with discoid glands in rows between secondary veins. Staminate inflorescences branched (Fig. 4c). Pistillate sepals 4 or 5. Fruits circular in cross section, 19–30 mm diam. (up to 50 mm when fresh), indehiscent. — Sunda Shelf. 

5. B. costulata

87b.

Stipules 4–9 mm long, usually not ciliate. Lower leaf surfaces with discoid glands in a row parallel to midrib. Staminate inflorescences not branched (Fig. 4a, b). Pistillate sepals (5 or) 6. Fruits triangular in cross section, 9–15 mm diam., loculicidally dehiscent. — Sunda Shelf.

37. B. trigonocarpa

88a.

Staminate inflorescences not branched (Fig. 4a, b). Pistillate pedicels geniculate (90º bent); styles without or with small protuberances. Fruits 9–15 mm diam.

89

88b.

Staminate inflorescences branched (Fig. 4c). Pistillate pedicels straight; styles with protuberances. Fruits 3–8 or 19–30 mm diam. (up to 50 mm when fresh).

90

89a.

Leaves 9–33 cm long. Staminate inflorescences 2.5–9 cm long; bracts 1.5–2.5 mm long; stamens 4 or 5; staminodes present. Staminate and pistillate sepals 4 or 5. Pistillate inflorescences 12–25 cm long; flowers 2–4 mm diam. Fruits usually green, usually indehiscent. — Sunda Shelf.

13. B. macrophylla

89b.

Leaves 7–17 cm long. Staminate inflorescences 1–3 cm long; bracts absent; stamens 6; staminodes absent. Staminate and pistillate sepals (5 or) 6. Pistillate inflorescences 1–3 cm long; flowers 1–2 mm diam. Fruits yellow, orange or purple, loculicidally dehiscent. — Sunda Shelf.

37. B. trigonocarpa

90a.

Leaves 3–20 cm long, below with or without discoid glands, if present scattered; pairs of secondary veins 4–8. Ovaries 2- or 3-locular. Fruits 19–30 mm diam. (up to 50 mm when fresh), indehiscent.

91

90b.

Leaves (7–)9–37 cm long, below with discoid glands in rows between the secondary veins; pairs of secondary veins 6–13. Ovaries 3- (or 4-)locular. Fruits 34–75 mm diam., loculicidally dehiscent. — Sunda Shelf.

12. B. macrocarpa

91a.

Leaves papery. Ovaries 3-locular. Fruits sparsely hairy outside; pedicels 2–8 mm long. — Sunda Shelf.

5. B. costulata

91b.

Leaves (slightly) leathery. Ovaries 2-locular. Fruits densely hairy outside; pedicels 8–9 mm long. — Sunda Shelf.

19. B. multiflora